1) Periodontium which includes? a) Gingival b) Periodontal ligament  Alveolar bone c) Cementum d) All of above 2) How many types of intra oral tissue? a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5 3) What is the outcome of repair? a) To restore functions b) To restore tissue continuity c) To restore functions and tissue continuity d) To restore functions and tissue continuity, but with distortion or normal architecture 4) What is the outcome of regeneration? a) The outcome of regeneration is no different from repair b) The outcome of regeneration is different from repair c) It is the response of tissue destroyed by an insult to a complete restoration of tissue architecture and functions.  d) None of above 5) The biggest different of outcome between repair and regeneration on tissue is tissue scaring.? a) True b) False c) Tissue function d) Distortion of connective tissue 6) Cells responsible for repair and regeneration consist of? a) Mesenchymal cells and Parenchymal cells of the injury organs  Endothelial cells and Platelets b) Macrophages c) Platelets d) All of above 7) Growth factor responsible for repair and regeneration: FGF, fibroblast growth factor.? a) Tissue repair, cell growth, and collagen products. b) Promotion of epithelial cell growth, angiogenesis, and promotion of wound healing  Cell growth, new generation and repair of blood vessel, and collagen product. c) Growth and new generation of keratinocyte d) Growth and new generation of endovascular epithelial cells 8) Growth factor responsible for repair and regeneration: EGF, Epithermal growth factor? a) Tissue repair, cell growth, and collagen products. b) Promotion of epithelial cell growth, angiogenesis, and promotion of wound healing . c) Growth and new generation of keratinocyte d) Growth and new generation of endovascular epithelial cells e) Cell growth, new generation and repair of blood vessel, and collagen product 9) Growth factor responsible for repair and regeneration: PDGF, Platelet derived growth factor? a) Tissue repair, cell growth, and collagen products. b) Promotion of epithelial cell growth, angiogenesis, and promotion of wound healing c) Cell growth, new generation and repair of blood vessel, and collagen product. d) Growth and new generation of keratinocyte e) Growth and new generation of endovascular epithelial cells 10) Growth factor responsible for repair and regeneration: KGF, Keratinocyte growth factor? a) Tissue repair, cell growth, and collagen products. b) Promotion of epithelial cell growth, angiogenesis, and promotion of wound healing c) Cell growth, new generation and repair of blood vessel, and collagen product. d) Growth and new generation of keratinocyte e) Growth and new generation of endovascular epithelial cells 11) Growth factor responsible for repair and regeneration: VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor? a) Tissue repair, cell growth, and collagen products. b) Promotion of epithelial cell growth, angiogenesis, and promotion of wound healing c) Cell growth, new generation and repair of blood vessel, and collagen product. d) Growth and new generation of keratinocyte e) Growth and new generation of endovascular epithelial cells 12) Growth factor responsible for repair and regeneration: TGF-b, Transforming growth factor b.? a) Promotion of wound healing. b) Promotion of epithelial cell growth, angiogenesis, and promotion of wound healing c) Cell growth, new generation and repair of blood vessel, and collagen product. d) Growth and new generation of keratinocyte e) Growth and new generation of endovascular epithelial cells 13) There are two major factors influence repair and regeneration? a) Systemic and local factors b) Nutrition and infection c) Metabolic and would characteristic like size and location d) Hormonal and mobility 14) What are the 4 steps of responses of mucosa to damage? a) Hemostasis, Inflammatory response, Proliferation, and Wound contraction b) Inflammatory response, Hemostasis, Proliferation, and Wound contraction c) Proliferation, Inflammatory response, Hemostasis, and Wound contraction d) Wound contraction, Hemostasis, Inflammatory response, and Proliferation 15) The process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product such as a protein? a) Gene expression b) Transcription c) Transcription factor d) Transcriptional regulation e) Response element 16) The process of making messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template by RNA polymerase? a) Gene expression b) Transcription c) Transcription factor d) Transcriptional regulation e) Response element 17) A protein that binds to DNA and regulates gene expression by promoting or suppressing transcription? a) Gene expression b) Transcription c) Transcription factor d) Transcriptional regulation e) Response element 18) Controlling the rate of gene transcription for example by helping or hindering RNA polymerase binding to DNA? a) Gene expression b) Transcription c) Transcription factor d) Transcriptional regulation e) Response element 19) Activation, or promotion – increase the rate of gene transcription? a) Upregulation b) Downregulation c) Corepressor d) Coactivator 20) Repression, or suppression – decrease the rate of gene transcription? a) Upregulation b) Downregulation c) Coactivator d) Corepressor 21) A protein that works with transcription factors to increase the rate of gene transcription? Upregulation a) Upregulation b) Downregulation c) Coactivator d) Corepressor 22) A protein that works with transcription factors to decrease the rate of gene transcription? a) Upregulation b) Downregulation c) Coactivator d) Corepressor 23) A specific sequence of DNA that a transcription factor binds to? a) Gene expression b) Transcription c) Transcription factor d) Transcriptional regulation e) Response element 24) Protein synthesis consist of 2 steps. What are they, and where do they take place? a) Transcription occurs in nucleolus, and translation occurs in cytoplasm b) Transcription occurs in cytoplasm, and translation occurs in nucleolus c) Transcription and translation both occurs in nucleolus d) Transcription and translation both occurs in cytoplasm 25) How many protein structure were classified? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 26) Transcription factors sometime is called ? a) Sequence-specific RNA-binding factors b) Sequence-specific DNA-binding factors c) Sequence-specific mRNA-binding factors d) Sequence-specific tRNA-binding factors 27) Transcription factors is a protein that control the rate of transcription of genetic information from? a) DNA to RNA b) RNA to DNA c) DNA to mRNA d) DNA to tRNA 28) What are the function of transcription factors? a) Regulate gene expression b) Coactivator c) Co-enhancer d) Regulate in between coactivator and co-enhancer 29) Event during or following protein translation ? a) Proteolysis and post-translatoinal modification b) Proteolysis and modification c) Proteolysis and protein folding d) Post-translational modification and protein folding 30) A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth, proliferation, healing, and cellular differentiation. Usually it is a protein or a steroid hormone.? a) True b) False 31) Growth factor is sometimes used interchangeably among scientists with the term? a) Protein b) Hormone c) Vitamin d) Cytokine 32) Growth factors are proteins that regulate many aspects of cellular function, including survival, proliferation, migration and differentiation.? a) True b) False 33) Growth factors and their receptors can be grouped into ‘families,’ based upon shared features of ? a) Amino acid sequence b) Structural of protein folding c) Anatomy of protein d) Protein sequence 34) Growth factors and their receptors can be grouped into ‘superfamilies,’ based upon shared features of ? a) Amino acid sequence b) Structural of protein folding c) Anatomy of protein d) Protein sequence 35) What do Growth Factors Do? a) Repair damaged cells b) Enhance cellular proliferation c) Maintain optimum function of the target organ d) Rejuvenate aging tissues e) All above 36) Cre-Lox recombination is a site-specific recombinase technology, used to carry out deletions, insertions, translocations and inversions at specific sites? a) In target cell b) In target animal c) In DNA d) In RNA e) Inside of cellular cytoplasm 37) Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a type of immunoprecipitation experimental technique used to investigate the interaction between? a) Proteins and DNA outside the cell b) Proteins and RNA c) DNA and RNA d) RNA and DNA e) Proteins and DNA in the cell 38) An undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism which is capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type, and from which certain other kinds of cell arise by differentiation.? a) iPSc: Induced pluri-potent stem cells b) MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells c) ESCs: Embryonic stem cells d) Stem cells 39) Stem cell hierarchy from top to bottom? a) Totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, unipotent b) Totipotent, multipotent, pluripotent, unipotent c) Totipotent, pluripotent, unipotent, multipotent d) Unipotent, multipotent, pluripotent, totipotent e) Unipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, totipotent 40) Embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos at a developmental stage before the time that implantation would normally occur in? a) Oviduct b) Uterus c) Placenta d) Vagina e) In vitro fertilization 41) The first differentiation event in humans occurs at approximately ------ days of development, when an outer layer of cells committed to becoming part of the placenta (the trophectoderm) separates from the inner cell mass (ICM). ? a) 1-3 day b) 3-5 days c) 5-7 days d) 10-14 days 42) The ICM, inner cell mass, cells have the potential to generate any cell type of the body, after implantation, they are -------------- as they differentiate to other cell types with more limited developmental potential. ? a) Quickly depleted b) Change c) No change d) Quickly deleted 43) If the ICM, inner cell mass, is removed from its normal embryonic environment and cultured under appropriate conditions, the ICM-derived cells can ------------------------------------------- indefinitely and still maintain the developmental potential to form any cell type of the body? a) Continue to proliferate and replicate themselves b) Differentiate in to any cell types of the body c) Growth and produce more different kind of cell types in the body d) Still alive and growth well under appropriate conditions 44) Why embryonic stem cells were banned for basic research? a) High cost b) Risk of cancer c) Violation ethic issue d) All of above 45) What is Yamanaka’s factors? a) Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, C-Myc b) Oct4, Sox4, Klf2, C-Myc c) Oct2, Sox2, Klf4, C-Myc d) Oct2, Sox4, Klf2, C-Myc 46) What are the gold standard transcription factors using for generating iPSc? a) Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, C-Myc b) Oct2, Sox4, Klf4, Lin28 c) Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, Lin28 d) Oct4, Sox4, Nanog, Lin28 47) What are the criteria for achieving to generate iPSc? a) A stable change in the nucleus of a mature cell b) Cell can divides through mitosis c) Cell be maintained and replicated d) An unstable change in the nucleus of a mature cells but can be maintained and replicated through cell division, mitosis. e) Cell able to maintain and replication their stable change in cellular nucleus when their undergo mitosis. 48) Why generation of iPSc is so attractive to scientist worldwide? a) No controversial in term of ethical issue, and ready for use b) Generation of patient-specific cell line and immune match c) No concern on cancer risk, and cheap d) Ease to perform with no risk of cancer and ethical issue e) Every patient could generation their own cell line without concern of ethical issue and immune rejection. 49) When the first mouse iPSc were generated and published? a) 2005 b) 2006 c) 2007 d) 2008 50) When the first human iPSc were generated and published? a) 2005 b) 2006 c) 2007 d) 2008 51) Why transcription factors is the most import key to generate iPSc, cell reprogramming? a) They can control cell division b) They can control gene expression c) They can regulate cell signalling d) They can regulate gene expression through cell signalling during cell division 52) Why transcription factor C-Myc is no longer use for generating iPSc? a) It is difficult to obtain from nature b) It is difficult to work with other transcription factors c) It is less effective d) It is not only less effective, but difficult to work with other transcription factors, and reported to generate cancer in some cases e) It is reported to generate cancer in some cases 53) Who are/ is the pioneer of generating iPSc? a) Prof. Shinya Yamanaka and his students b) Prof. Shinya Yamanak and his wife c) Prof. Shinya Yamanaka d) Prof. Shinya Yamanaka and Sir John Gurdon 54) Work flow of generating iPSc? a) Isolate and culture host cell, using lentinovirus, harvest cell and culture under feeder layer, get an iPSc. b) Isolate and culture host cell, using retrovirus, harvest cell and culture under feeder layer, get an iPSc. c) Isolate and culture host cell, using adenovirus, harvest cell and culture under feeder layer, get an iPSc. d) Isolate and culture host cell, using transcription factors, harvest cell and culture under feeder layer, get an iPSc. 55) Mesenchymal stem cells are multi-potent stem cells which is able to differentiate to adult cell like? a) Bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, and neurons b) Bone, liver, fat, skin, and muscle c) Bone, cartilage, and neurons d) Cartilage, fat, muscle e) Liver, skin, bone, and cartilage 56) Mesenchymal stem cells is derived from bone marrow. So they can differentiate into hematopoietic cell line.? a) True b) False 57) Mesenchymal stem cells can be extract from many types of tissue, but the most commence one is bone marrow.? a) True b) False 58) Mesenchymal stem cells can be extracted from marrow and non-marrow.? a) True b) False 59) Non-marrow origin mesenchymal stem cells EXCLUDE ? a) Placenta, and umbilical cord blood b) Adipose, and muscle c) Dental pulp d) Embryo 60) Morphology of mesenchymal stem cells ? a) Fibroblast-like b) Collagen-like c) Neuron-like d) Poly-conic-like 61) In order to identify multi-potency stem cells, ones has to undergo cellar differentiation EXCLUDE? a) Bone b) Cartilage c) Fat d) Skin e) Neuron 62) Mesenchymal stem cells have been confirmed able to differentiated into neuron cell with function? a) True b) False 63) What is the biggest conflict of using embryonic stem cells? a) Cell source b) Price and outcome c) Ethic d) Market 64) What is the biggest conflict of using induced pluri-potent stem cells? a) Immune rejection b) Reprogram efficiency c) Cancer cause d) Insertion of transcription factors 65) What is the biggest conflict of using mesenchymal stem cells? a) Homogenous nature b) Heterogenous nature c) Cancer cause d) Ethic 66) What is the hierarchy of embryonic stem cells? a) Toti-potent b) Pluri-potent c) Multi-potent d) Uni-potent 67) What is the hierarchy of induced pluripotent stem cells? a) Toti-potent b) Pluri-potent c) Multi-potent d) Uni-potent 68) What is the hierarchy of mesenchymal stem cells? a) Toti-potent b) Pluri-potent c) Multi-potent d) Uni-potent 69) Embryonic stem cells were banned for basic research practice because it is an unethical practice. Moreover, it cannot create patient-match specific cell line.? a) True b) False 70) The biggest concern of using iPSc as a regenerative tool is the possible of cancer provoke due to infection of transcription factors.? a) True b) False 71) The disadvantage of mesenchymal stem cells is that this stem cells are heterogenous in nature which hard to purify.? a) True b) False 72) Embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos at a developmental stage before the time that implantation would normally occur in the uterus. Normally, it takes about 10 days.? a) True b) False 73) The inner cell mass cells have the potential to generate any cell type of the body, but after implantation, they are quickly depleted as they differentiate to other cell types with more limited developmental potential. ? a) True b) False 74) Because ES cells can proliferate without limit and can contribute to any cell type, human ES cells offer an unprecedented access to tissues from the human body. ? a) True b) False 75) ES will support clinical research on the differentiation and function of human tissues and provide material for testing that may improve the safety and efficacy of human drugs ? a) True b) False 76) Some important human diseases are caused by the death or dysfunction of one or a few cell types, e.g., insulin-producing cells in diabetes or dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. Therefore, understanding and using stem cells as tool to study this disease model provide a better understand this dysfunction of cell types.? a) True b) False 77) A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth, proliferation, healing, and cellular differentiation.? a) True b) False 78) Growth factors typically act as signalling molecules between cells. Examples are cytokines and hormones that bind to specific receptors on the cytoplasm of their target cells.? a) True b) False 79) Cytokines are a broad and loose category of long big proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are important in cell signalling.? a) True b) False 80) Growth factor is sometimes used interchangeably among scientists with the term cytokine.? a) True b) False 81) Growth factor is sometimes used interchangeably among scientists with the term transcription factors.? a) True b) False 82) Growth factors and their receptors can be grouped into ‘families,’ based upon shared features of size and location, and into ‘superfamilies,’ based upon shared their functions.? a) True b) False 83) In transcription an mRNA chain is generated, with both strands of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template.? a) True b) False 84) Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors? a) True b) False 85) Transcription factor sometimes is called sequence-specific DNA-binding factor.? a) True b) False 86) Transcription factor is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from messenger RNA to DNA, by binding to a specific ribosomes.? a) True b) False 87) iPSCs were reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like state by introducing genes important for maintaining the essential properties of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). ? a) True b) False 88) Ethical issues associated with the production of ESCs do apply to iPSCs, which offer a controversial strategy to generate patient-specific stem cell lines.? a) True b) False 89) One strategy to accomplish this goal is nuclear reprogramming, a technique that involves experimentally inducing a stable change in the nucleus of a mature cell that can then be maintained and replicated as the cell divides through mitosis. ? a) True b) False 90) Four transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) sometimes is called Yamanaka’s factors.? a) True b) False 91) Yamanaka’s factors were chosen because they were known to be involved in the maintenance of pluripotency, which is the capability to generate all other cell types of the body.? a) True b) False 92) Retroviruses used to deliver the four transcription factors in the earliest studies is safe to generating iPSCs.? a) True b) False 93) All four factors are absolutely necessary. In particular, the gene c-Myc is known to promote tumor growth in some cases, which would not affect iPSC usefulness in transplantation therapies. ? a) True b) False 94) iPSc provided unlimited supplies of ________ cells could be used to generate transplants without the risk of immune rejection.? a) Autologous b) Xenologous c) Allogous 95) Upon introduction of reprogramming factors, cells begin to form colonies that resemble pluripotent stem cells, which can be isolated based on their:? a) Morphology b) Conditions that select for their growth. c) Through expression of surface markers. d) Reporter genes. e) All are corrects. 96) iPSc were generated by:? a) From adult cells. b) Introduced Yamanaka’s factors into adult cells. c) Growth factors. d) All of above. 97) Yamanaka’s factors were used to generating iPSc in 1st generation because:? a) They are ease to use. b) There is no better way. c) They were reported to able to express gene that like embryonic stem cells. d) All are corrects. 98) In the future, possible dentist can use dental pulp stem cells, 3rd mandibular molar, in cell bank due to their pluri-potent.? a) True b) False 99) In our blood, there is a small amount of stem cells which are ready to be differentiate to any cell type under the control of growth factors.? a) True b) False 100) The main reason for formation of scale is due to detraction of connective tissue.? a) True b) False

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