Upper epidermis cell - no chloroplasts so allows light to penetrate, Palisade mesophyll cell - many chloroplasts to trap light and is near top of leaf for receiving more light, Spongy mesophyll cell - air spaces for rapid movement of gases, Waxy cuticle - waterproofs and protects from pathogens and insects, Vascular bundle - xylem and phloem - carry water, mineral ions and dissolved sugars, Air space - allows rapid diffusion of gases, Guard cell - changes shape to open or close the stomata, Stomata - allow CO2 in (and O2 out) or controls water loss.

Leaf cross section structures and functions

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