The term "philosophy" comes from the Greek words “_____” and “_____” meaning "love of wisdom." - Philos and sophia, Philosophy was used to make sense of the world using - Reason, A branch of philosophy concerned with defining knowledge and related concepts such as the sources and criteria of knowledge. - Epistemology, A branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of thinking and reasoning using empirical support and information that is reliable, valid, and objective. - Logic, These are the personal views of the person presenting it - Opinion, It is a fact that has been verified. - Truth, A process of determining truth or knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing - Scientific Method, It is the study of what is right and wrong in human behavior in the pursuit of beauty and goodness in life. - Ethics, It refers to a body of knowledge that looks upon the society, politics, and the people that make it whole. - Political Philosophy, He proposed that everything that exists is based on a higher order or plan which he called logo. - Heraclitus, He was a known advocate of living a simple and virtuous life. - Diogenes of Sinope, He advocated for soul's immortality, virtuous behavior, and the significance of mathematics in understanding reality. - Pythagoras, He theorized that all material bodies are made up of indivisibly small "atoms". - Democritus, His logic studies led to deductive reasoning, analyzing statements to form conclusions. - Aristotle, He was credited with formulating the method which means examining a topic by devising a series of questions that let the learner examine and analyze his knowledge and views regarding the topic. - Socrates, He introduced dialectic for inquiry and founded the Academy, a renowned institution of higher learning. - Plato, He advocated forgoing many short-term pleasures and instead focusing on the overall pleasure and pain distribution over a lifetime. - Epicurus, These are exercises of the imagination, in which we consider scenarios that address different aspects of our world. - Though Experiments, These are statements that are not evidently or immediately known to be true. - Claim, States that a proposition is true if it is corresponding to the facts - Corresponding Theory, States that if a proposition coheres with all the other propositions taken to be true, then it is true - Coherence Theory, A statement is true if it is useful or practical to believe. - Pragmatic Theory, They contain ideas or information that are easily verifiable - Fact, These are personal beliefs, judgments, or evaluations that reflect an individual's - Opinion, A judgment based on certain facts. - Conclusion, Are statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts. - Belief, Are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why the statement is true - Explanations, Involves a teacher asking questions to stimulate critical thinking, illuminate ideas, and uncover assumptions - Socratic Method, Involves discourse between people with differing views aiming to establish truth through reasoned argumentation. - Dialectic Method, involves reasoning from general principles to specific instances. - Deductive Reasoning, involves reasoning from specific instances to general principles - Inductive Reasoning, When an argument attacks the character or personal traits of an individual instead of addressing the argument itself. - Ad Hominem, using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an argument - Appeal to Force/Ad Baculum, using emotion such as pity or sympathy - Appeal To Pity, the idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it - ad populum (appeal to the majority), the idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time - ad antiquities (appeal to tradition), assuming that what is true of a part is true for the whole - fallacy of composition, assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts - fallacy of division, occurs when an argument's premise assumes the truth of the conclusion instead of supporting it.  - Begging the Question/Circular Reasoning, assuming a “cause – and –effect “relationship between unrelated events - post hoc (cause- and – effect), tendency to judge a person’s personality by his or her actions, without regard for external factors or influences. - Correspondence Bias, the tendency to look for and accept information in a way that confirms one’s own beliefs and reject ideas that go against it. - Confirmation Bias, Occurs when a person’s judgment or decision-making is unduly influenced by a secondary interest, typically one that can bring personal benefit, which may compromise their primary responsibility or objective integrity. - Conflict of Interest, analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural standards - Cultural Bias, bias in which people decide between options based on whether the options are presented with positive or negative connotations. - Framing Bias,

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