What is aerobic respiration? - Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to release a large amount of energy. Carbon dioxide and water are produced as waste products., What is anaerobic respiration? - Anaerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen to release a small amount of energy. In muscles, lactic acid is produced as a waste product., What is oxygen debt? - Oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen needed to remove lactic acid formed from anaerobic respiration., What is gaseous exchange? - Gaseous exchange is the exchange of gases, specifically oxygen and carbon dioxide, between an organism and the environment., What is the role of haemoglobin in oxygen transport? - Haemoglobin binds reversibly with oxygen. Hb binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases oxygen in respiring tissues., What is chronic bronchitis? - Chronic bronchitis is the inflammation of the airway that leads to persistent coughing., What is emphysema? - Emphysema is the breakdown of alveolar walls due to persistent coughing., What is the function of ciliated cells along the trachea? - Has cilia lining the cell surface that sweeps mucus containing trapped particles up into the pharynx., What is the function of gland cells along the trachea? - Produces mucus that traps particles that entered the airway., What is cancer? - Cancer is the uncontrolled division of cells that produces outgrowths or lumps of tissues., How does tar increase the risk of lung cancer? - Tar increases the chances of DNA mutations occurring in lung cells., How are the lungs adapted for gaseous exchange? - Contains numerous alveoli to increase the SA:V of the gas exchange surface for faster exchange of gases., How is an alveolus adapted for gaseous exchange? - 1. Bulbous shape increases SA:V ratio; 2. Thin film of moisture on the inner alveolar wall allows gases to dissolve; 3. One-cell thick wall reduces diffusion distance for gases; 4. Richly supplied with blood capillaries that continually transport blood away to maintain a steep concentration gradient, What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration? - C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + large amount of energy, What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in humans? - glucose --> lactic acid + small amount of energy, How does inhalation occur? - The internal intercostal muscles relax and the external intercostal muscles contract, causing the ribs and sternum to move outwards and upwards. The diaphragm muscle contracts, causing the diaphragm to flatten. These cause the volume of the thoracic cavity to increase, causing the pressure of the thoracic cavity to decrease. This in turn causes the volume of the lungs to increase, causing the pressure of the lungs to decrease to lower than atmospheric pressure. This leads to air rushing into the lungs., How does exhalation occur? - The internal intercostal muscles contract and the external intercostal muscles relax, causing the ribs and sternum to move downwards and inwards. The diaphragm muscle relaxes, causing the diaphragm to arch upwards. These cause the volume of the thoracic cavity to decrease, causing the pressure of the thoracic cavity to increase. This in turn causes the volume of the lungs to decrease, causing the pressure of the lungs to be increase to higher than atmospheric pressure. This leads to air rushing out of the lungs., Describe how oxygen is transported from the lungs to the heart muscle. - Oxygen dissolves in the thin film of moisture of the alveoli. As there is a higher concentration of oxygen in the alveoli than in the red blood cell, oxygen will diffuse from the alveoli into the red blood cell past the alveolar wall and capillary wall. Oxygen binds reversibly with haemoglobin in the red blood cell to form oxyhaemoglobin. Oxygenated blood is then carried from the pulmonary vein to the heart and from the heart to the heart muscles via the aorta and coronary arteries. At the heart muscles, oxygen is released from oxyhaemoglobin and diffuses from the red blood cell to the muscle tissue down the concentration gradient.,

Respiration in Humans - Flash cards

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