In 1965 Hofstede founded the personnel research department of IBM Europe (which he managed until 1971), In 1999 Michael Harris Bond and colleagues conducted a study among students in 23 countries, using a survey instrument developed with Chinese employees and managers., Minkov's World Values Survey data analysis of 93 representative samples of national populations also led Geert Hofstede to identify a sixth last dimension:, In masculinity dimension, masculinity is defined as "a society's tolerance for ambiguity", The power distance index is defined as "the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally"., Indulgence counterpart, collectivism, describes a society in which tightly integrated relationships tie extended families and others into in-groups., Indulgence is defined as "a society that allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human desires related to enjoying life and having fun".

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