Traditional : Learners are passive absorbers of information and authority. , Teachers are sources of information and authority., Decision-making is centrally based and administratively delivered., Program is determined by external criteria, particularly test result., Learning is linear, with factual accumulation and skill mastery., Knowledge is absorbed through lectures, worksheets, and texts., Disciplines, particularly language and math, are separated., Skills are taught discretely and are viewed as goals., Assessment is norm-referenced, external and graded., Success is competitively based, derived from recall and memory, and specific to a time/ place., Progressive : Learners are active participants, problem solvers, and planners, , Teachers are facilitators, guides who foster thinking., Decision-making is shared by all constituent groups., Program is determined by mission, philosophy, and goal for graduates., Learning is spiral, with depth and breadth as goals., Knowledge is constructed through play, direct experience, and social interaction. , Disciplines are integrated as children make connections., Skills are related to content and are views as tools., Assessment is benchmarked, has many forms, and is progress-oriented., Success is determined through application over time, through collaboration.,

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