Cause and effect relationships - 1.They understand if they go out in the rain, they will get wet. If they take their friend’s cracker, they can predict the effects of their actions: they will have more crackers, their friend will have fewer, and their friend may become angry!, Problem solving - 2.“There are ten grapes and two children. How can we make sure that each of you gets the same number of grapes?,” they may use their skills in counting and grouping to make sure each child gets an equal number., Spatial relationships - 3.They recognize geometric shapes around them, and can better describe the relationships of objects in the environment. They may tell you that their “crayon rolled under the couch” or that the dog is “sitting on the table eating the birthday cake.”, Number sense - 4. Children gradually develop an understanding of what numbers mean, how they are used, and how numbers relate to each other. At this age, they can relate to simple concepts of addition or subtraction. They will also come to know that a small number of objects in a set remains the same, even if those objects are rearranged. Five- and six-year olds may be able to add small sums in their heads., Seriation/Ordering - 5. As children develop, they are better able to organize a set of objects in a certain order, such as from smallest to largest. This is an important skill as they may be required to order numbers in a set as part of a math problem in later years., Sequencing/Patterns - 6. Children will recognize and create items in a repeated sequence. For example, when coloring they may shade a shirt in “blue-red-blue-red” . As they mature, this will become more complex. When playing with blocks they may be able to put them in a “triangle-circle-square-triangle-circle-square” sequence.,

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