Allele, an alternative version of a gene., Base sequence, the order of bases (A, T, C and G) in a DNA molecule. The base sequence forms the genetic code., Chromosome, a long thread-like structure made of DNA and protein that contains many genes., Allele frequency, the proportion of a particular allele in a population's gene pool., Crossing over, the exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, creating new combinations of alleles., DNA, the molecule that carries genetic information in the form of a base sequence, Emigration, the movement of individuals out of a population. May remove alleles from a population and decrease genetic variation., Fertilisation, the fusion of two gametes to form a zygote., Gamete, a haploid sex cell (e.g. sperm or egg)., Gene, a section of DNA that contains the instructions for making a protein., Gene pool, all the alleles present within a population., Genetic variation, the presence of different alleles within a population., Genome, the complete set of genetic information (DNA) in an organism., Homologous chromosomes, A pair of chromosomes of the same size and shape that carry the same genes at the same loci but may contain different alleles. One chromosome is inherited from each parent., Immigration, the movement of individuals into a population. Can introduce new alleles and increase genetic variation., Independent assortment, the random separation of homologous chromosomes and alleles into gametes during meiosis, resulting in different allele combinations., Meiosis, a type of cell division that produces four genetically different gametes, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell., Mutation, a permanent change in the DNA base sequence that can create a new allele., Natural selection, the process in which individuals with phenotypes better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully. Their favourable alleles are passed to offspring and become more common in the population over time., Non-random mating, occurs when some individuals are more likely to reproduce than others because of particular characteristics. This can reduce genetic variation., Nucleotide, the building block of DNA, consisting of a sugar, phosphate, and one base (A, T, C or G)., Phenotype, The observable characteristics of an organism., Population, a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time., Protein, A molecule made of amino acids that performs specific functions in cells and contributes to phenotype., Sexual reproduction, the fusion of gametes from two parents to produce genetically unique offspring., Zygote, a fertilised egg cell that contains a full set of chromosomes.

Genetics

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