Bias - A systematic error or distortion in research that can affect the validity of findings, often caused by the researcher’s expectations, sampling methods, or participant behavior., Causality - The relationship between two variables where one variable (the cause) directly influences or produces a change in the other variable (the effect). Establishing causality usually requires an experimental method., Change - The process or result of transformation in behavior, cognition, or emotion over time, often studied to understand development, learning, or the effects of interventions., Measurement - The process of systematically collecting data about psychological variables using reliable and valid tools or procedures (e.g., surveys, observations, experiments)., Perspective - A particular theoretical viewpoint or approach used to understand and explain behavior, such as the biological, cognitive, or sociocultural perspectives in psychology., Responsibility - The ethical obligation of psychologists to conduct research with integrity, protect participants from harm, and apply findings in ways that benefit individuals and society.,

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