Form-focused instruction, 'any pedagogical effort which is used to draw the learners' attention to language form either implicitly or explicitly' Spada (1997), Content-based instruction, 'an approach to second language teaching in which teaching is organized around the content or information that students will acquire, rather than around a linguistic or other type of syllabus' Richards and Rodgers (2001), Fluency, eg) speech rate, Lexicogrammar, eg) appropriateness, richness, complexity, Prosody, eg) word stress, intonation , Segmental, eg) vowels/consonants .

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