Switching issues - can disrupt network connectivity and performance , STP - Proper implementation and management of STP are crucial for preventing network loops and maintaining efficient data flow., Network loops - condition where a broadcast packet has more than one active path to travel, causing it to loop indefinitely between devices and potentially causing network performance issues or outages. This can happen from physical misconnections, such as two cables linking the same two switches, or from misconfiguration. Protocols like the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) are used to prevent network loops by intentionally blocking redundant paths, ensuring a single active path between any two points., Root bridge selection - is the central reference point in an STP-enabled network., Port roles - specific roles to switch ports to maintain a loop-free network., Port states - transition through several states to ensure network stability., Incorrect VLAN assignments - can lead to network segments on issues, where devices are unable communicate with each other or unauthorized devices gain access to restricted segments., ACLs - control network traffic by specifying which users or systems can access network resources and under what conditions., Route selection - Effective route selection is critical for network performance and reliability., Routing table - Routes that are no longer valid but remain in the routing table can cause misrouting of packets., Default routes - Absence of a default route can cause packets destined for unknown networks to be dropped., Address pool exhaustion - occurs when the available IP addresses in a network’s DHCP scope or subnet are depleted., Incorrect default gateway - can prevent devices from communicating with other networks, including the internet., Duplicate IP address - occur when two devices on the same network are assigned the same IP address, causing network conflicts., Incorrect subnet mask - can lead to improper network segmentation on, causing devices to fail in communicating with each other.,

5.3 Troubleshoot network issues

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