Relative atomic mass, The weighted average mass of the atoms of an element on a scale where carbon-12 is exactly 12 units., Isotope, Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons., Mass spectrometry, Measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions to determine their relative atomic or molecular mass., pH, A measure of the hydrogen-ion concentration in a solution., Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, Identifies functional groups by measuring absorption of IR radiation., Empirical formula, The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound., Molecular formula, The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule., Iodoform test, A chemical test giving a yellow precipitate indicates methyl carbonyl or an ethanol group., Tollens’ reagent, Used to detect aldehydes; forms a silver mirror., Fehling’s solution, Detects aldehydes; blue-to-brick-red colour change., Hydrogen bonding, Strong intermolecular force involving a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom., Intermolecular forces, Forces between molecules, including Van der Waals, dipole-dipole, and hydrogen bonding., Relative molecular mass (Mr), The sum of the relative atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule.

Analytical Techniques

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