Flexion - Reducing the angle between the bones of a limb at a joint. Examples include bending the knee when preparing to kick a football, Extension - Straightening a limb to increase the angle at the joint, e.g. straightening your arm to return to your starting position in a biceps curl, Hyperextension - Movement beyond the normal anatomical position in a direction opposite to flexion, e.g. at the spine when a cricketer arches their back when bowling, Plantarflexion - A movement that points the toes downwards by straightening the ankle, e.g. jumping to defend in netball, Dorsiflexion - An upward movement at the ankle, e.g. moving the foot to pull the toes towards the knee in walking, Lateral flexion - The movement of bending sideways, for example, at the waist, Horizontal flexion and horizontal extension - Movement of bringing your arm across your body (flexion) and then back again (extension), Abduction - Movement away from the body’s vertical midline, e.g. at the hip in a side-step in gymnastics, Adduction - Movement towards the body’s vertical midline, e.g. performing a pull up, Rotation - Medial or lateral twisting movement that occurs in the transverse plane, Circumduction - A circular movement that results in a conical action, Pronation - A rotational movement where the hand and upper arm are turned inwards., Supination - Where the forearm or palm are rotated outwards., Elevation - An upwards movement, e.g. shrugging where the scapula is raised, Depression - The opposite of elevation and involves a downwards or inferior action, Retraction - A backwards movement in which the shoulder moves backwards during the pulling phase of a rowing action, Protraction - A forward movement in which the shoulder moves forward during the reaching phase of a rowing action,

Joint actions

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