Affluence  - Great wealth or abundance. , Brownfield sites  - Former industrial areas that have been developed before. , Central Business District (CBD)  - The heart of an urban area, often containing a high percentage of shops and offices.  , Connectivity  - How easy it is to travel or connect with other places.  , Conurbation  - A continuous urban or built-up area, formed by merging towns or cities.  , Decentralisation  - Shift of shopping activity and employment away from the CBD. , Deindustrialisation  - Decreased activity in manufacturing and closure of industries, leading to unemployment.  , Depopulation  - Decline in the total population of an area.  , Deprivation  - Lack of wealth and services. It usually means low standards of living caused by low income, poor health and low educational qualifications.  , Diversification  - When a business (e.g. a farm) decides to sell other products or services in order to survive or grow.  , Economic core  - The centre of a country or region economically, where businesses thrive, people have opportunities and are relatively wealthy; a highly developed area.  , Economic periphery  - The edge of a country or region in terms of economics; a more remote, difficult area where people tend to be poorer and have fewer opportunities; a led well developed area.  , Employment Sectors - The four categories that employment can be put in to. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary. , European Regional Development Funds - Funds that support UK regions by economic regeneration and improved communications. Money comes from the EU. , Free trade  - The free flow of goods and services without the restriction of tariffs.  , Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)  - Overseas investment in physical capital by transnational corporations.  , Gentrification  - High-income earners move into run-down areas to be closer to their workplace, often resulting in the rehabilitation and regeneration of the area to conform with middle class lifestyles.  , Globalisation  - Increased connections between countries.  , Goods  - Physical materials or products that are of value to us.  , Green belt  - Undeveloped areas of land around the edge of cities with strict planning controls.  , Gross domestic product (GDP)  - The total value of goods and services produced by a country in one year.  , Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)  - Means of showing how deprived some areas are.  , Migration  - Movement of people from one place to another.  , Multicultural  - A variety of different cultures of ethnic groups within a society.  , Northern powerhouse  - A major core region of cities (with a similar population to London) that has the potential to drive the economy of northern England.  , Population density  - The average number of people in a given area, expressed as people per km2. , Population structure  - The number of each sex in each age group (e.g. 10-14), usually displayed in a population pyramid.  , Privatisation  - The sale of state-owned assets to the private sector to increase FDI and competition., Quality of life  - A measure of how ‘wealthy’ people are, but measured using criteria such as housing, employment and environmental factors, rather than income. , Rebranded  - A change of image. E.g. MG Rover car factory to Longbridge town centre with Bourneville college. , Regeneration  - Means re-developing former industrial areas or housing to improve them.  , Rural-urban fringe  - The area where a town or city meets the countryside.  , Services  - Functions that satisfy our needs. , Studentification   - Communities benefit from local universities which provide employment opportunities and a large student population which can regenerate pubs, shops and buy-to-let properties.  , Terms of trade  - Means the value of a country’s exports relative to that of its imports. , Transnational companies (TNCs)  - Those which operate across more than one country e.g. Apple, Nike, Microsoft etc.  , Primary - The extraction of raw materials from the land or sea., Secondary - Manufacturing goods from the raw materials., Tertiary - Providing a service to other people., Quaternary - Involves research and development (highly skilled)., Enterprise zones - Offer government grants and fewer planning regulations to stimulate business and create more jobs., Ethnic and cultural diversity - When migrants introduce their home culture, for example, cuisine and religious practices in the host city., Immigration policies - When a government encourages or reduces the need for immigration responding to the need for labour., Urban core - Comprises of offices and retail, a high population density of mostly young adults where property prices are expensive.,

Topic 5 Key terms

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