Von Thunen Model - Assumptions: (1) The city is located within an isolated state (2) All land is flat and physical geography is the same (3) State is surrounded by unoccupied wilderness (4) Farmers transport goods to market via cart (5) Farmers act to maximize profits , Epidemiological Transition Model - Description: An extension of the DTM, it explains the changing death rates & more common causes of death within societies. Limitations: Does not take lifestyle choices or environmental factors into life expectancy. , Demographic Transition Model - Description: Shows 5 stages of population change as countries modernize by measure birth rate, death rate, total population, & RNI. , Human Development Index - Description: An alternative to measure an economy without measuring money. Uses GNI, life expectancy, expected years of schooling & average years of schooling. Measured on a SCALE of 0 to 1 (where 0=LDC & 1=MDC), Gender Inequality Index - Description: A composite of data to measure gender inequality. This includes: reproductive health, female empowerment, & labor market participation. Measured on a SCALE of 0 to 1 (where 0=MORE equality & 1=LESS equality), Borchert's Transportation Model - Description: Created a model to describe urban growth based on transportation. New technology = a new way for people to move themselves and goods/services. He divided the history into four parts or EPOCHS. Limitations: The model stopped at 1970, new tech isn't included. , Gravity Model - Description: Larger and closer places will have more interaction than places that are smaller and farther from each other. Limitations: No barriers exist, no change in political borders (states), physical barriers (rivers), or cultural (language) barriers between cities., Burgess Concentric-Zone Model - Description: A city is in a series of rings that surround the CBD. Created in the 1920s, the closest ring to the CBD is industrial/low cost housing, as you move outward residential homes and incomes increase. Limitations: Based on the city of Chicago and assumed cities would developed on an isometric plane. , Hoyt Sector Model - Description: A city model that showed how different types of land use & housing were located near the CBD early in the cities history. Created in the 1930s it showed how those zones grew outward as it developed. Limitations: Based on the city of Chicago and assumed cities would developed on an isometric plane., Harris & Ullman Multiple-Nuclei Model - Description: Created in the 1940s this model that suggests functional zones occur around multiple centers or NODES. These nodes would attract or repel certain types of activities (cities look like "patchwork"). Limitations: Based on the city of Chicago and assumed cities would developed on an isometric plane. , Galactic City Model - Description: Suburban growth in the 1950s increased as a result governments invested in the highway system to improve transportation. At key locations along the routes "mini-downtowns" were created and edge cities emerged. This left behind declining inner cities. Limitations: Based on the process in Detroit and assumed cities would developed on an isometric plane., Latin American Cities - Description: This model has a 2-part CBD. The center has a traditional market and it is connect by a SPINE to a modern high-rise center. The high quality housing is located there and lower income/slums develop on the outside. , African Cities - Description: Characterized with 3 CBDs (Traditional, Colonial, & Informal). Residential zones are based on ethnicity, and informal/squatter settlements are found on the periphery., Southeast Asian Cities - Description: The cities focus is on the former colonial port/CBD zone. Additionally it might have a government zone, foreign commercial zone, and a market garden belt.,

APHG Models

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