Define Evolution - The change in allele freq. of a population over time, Examples of Evolution - Populations evolve not individuals , Example of Evolution - The increase in antibiotic resistant bacteria due to overuse of antibiotics, Define Fossil Records - Shows change in species overtime and transitional forms, Fossil Records Example - Archaeopkrxy links birds and reptiles, Tiktaalik shows the transition from fish to land vertebrates, Define Homologous Structure - similar structure, different function (common ancestry), Homologous Structure Example - The forelimb of humans, whales, bats have the same bone structure but different functions, Analogous Structure - Different structure, similar function (convergent evolution), Analogous structure example - Butterfly and bat wings are functioned similar but they have different structures, Vestigial structures - remnants of once useful organs, Vestigial Structure example - the human appendix or the pelvic bones in whales or femur for snakes, Embryology  - similar early developments indicates common ancestory, Embryology - Embryos of fish, reptiles, birds and mammals all have pharyngeal/gill slits and tails in early development, Biochemistry - similar DNA and protein suggest evolutionary relationships , Biochemistry example - Human and chimpanzees share over 98% of their DNA sequences and CYtochrome C protein is nearly identical in humans and other mammals, Biogeography  - distribution of species supports descent with modification, Biogeography example - Unique marsupial Ike kngaroos are found only in Australia due to geography isolation and Galapagos tortoise evolved differently on each island, Natural Selection - Indiviudals with favorable traits survive and reproduce more, What does natural selection require? - variation, heretability, overproduction, and different survival, Natural Selection example - Drawin's finches developed different beaks shapes based on their food sources in Galapagos Islands, Genetic Drift - Random changes in allele freq. especially in small populations, Genetic Drift example - Bottleneck effect: cheetah population reduced genetic diversity / Founder effect: blue people , Gene Flow - movement of alleles between population (migration), Gene flow example - migration of individual between birds populations spreading new genes. salmon from different rivers breeding when they mix in the ocean, spreading new alleles, Mutation - introduces new genetic variation, Mutation example - a mutation in a moths wing pigment gene reates a darker color, which helps it blend into soot-covered trees. Mutation in HIV makes it resistant to drugs, Non-Random Mating - certain traits increase reproductive success, Non-random Mating example - Female peacocks selecting males with more eye spots, or larger, brighter tails are more likely to attract mates (sexual selection) Deers also fought for mates , Directional Selection - Favors one extreme trait, Directional Selection Example - Elephants with smaller tusks were more likely to survive poaching, increasing thee frequency of that trait. and Longer neck giraffes are more likely to survive, Stabilizing Selection - favors average traits, Stabilizing Selection example - Babies with average birth weight have a higher chance of survival than those that are either too big or too small, Disruptive Selection - favors both extremes over the average, Disruptive Selection example - in an area with light rocks and dark rocks light and dark colored lizards are favored over medium colored ones , Allopatric speciation - due to geographic isolation, Allopatric speciation example - squirells on opposite side of grand canyon become different species , Sympatric Speciation - without geographic speciation , sympatric speciation example - Apple magot flies diveriging based on host plant and Cichlid fish in African lakes adapting to different food sources with geographic separation, Reproductive isolation - prevents gene flow, reproductive isolation example - different Mating in frogs prevent interbreeding and flower pollinated by different pollinators bloom at different times , Prezygotic barriers - before feterlization (temporal, behavioral), Postzygotic barriers - after fertilization (sterile offspring), Convergent evolution - unrelated species evolve similar traits, convergent evolution example - wings of bats and insects, and animals like shark (fish) and dolphins (mammal) body shape, Divergent evolution - relates species evolve different traits, divergent evolution - polar bears and grizzly bears evolving from a common ancestors and domestic dogs diverging from wolfs, Coevolution - species evolve in response to one another, coevolution example - hummingbirds evolving long beaks to match specific flowers, Adaptive radiation - many new species evolve a common ancestor, adaptive radiation - darwins finches diversifying into various niches, Hawaiian honeycreepers evolved into different feeding types, Gradulism - slow, steady change, gradulism example - evolution of modern horses from small, multi toed-ancestiors. and development of whale ancestors from land mammals over millions of years, punctuated equilibrium - rapid change followed by stability, punctuated equilibrium example - cambrian explosion rapid appearance of many animals phyla, rapid evolution of mammals after extinction of dinosaurs,

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