attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder  , neurodevelopmental disorder that includes symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity and deficits in executive functions, balanced literacy approach, approach to teaching reading that combines elements of the phonics-based and whole language approaches, concrete operations thinking , third stage of piaget's theory of cognitive thinking development during which children begin to understand basic cognitive principles and concepts such as cause and effect, relationships, size and difference , constructivism, idea that students play an active roll in acquiring knowledge by constructing it through experience, rather than just passively receiving information , crystallized intelligence, existing knowledge that individuals have developed during their life through education and experiences , dyscalculia , learning disability that involves difficulties in math, dysgraphia , learning disability that involves difficulties in writing, dyslexia , learning disability that involves difficulties in reading, exceptional learner, child who has one or more of a variety of special learning needs, fluid intelligence , ability to use logic and to solve problems in new ways, flynn effect, effect that describes the significant increases of scores on intelligence tests over time, general intelligence factor, general cognitive factor that underlies multiple cognitive skills, giftedness, variation in intelligence marked by cognitive performance, specific ability areas, and an IQ above 130, may be referred to by other terms, individual education program, written plan that spells out the specific educational goals and services that have been individualized for a student with a disability, intellectual disability, disability that consists of limits in intellectual functioning, often indicated by an IQ score less than 70 and challenges in adaptive functioning, intelligence , description of an individual’s ability to adapt to the world around them, intelligence quotient (IQ), score used to quantify human intelligence, learning disability, condition that impacts learning in a specific academic area, least-restrictive environment, principle that states that all children with a disability should receive general education in an environment that is as similar as possible to the one for children without disabilities, mental age, age at which a person is performing based on an intelligence test, metacognition, knowledge about how we think and learn and how we use that awareness to become better thinkers and learners, metalinguistic awareness, awareness of the qualities of language, allowing individuals to think about and evaluate language , metamemory, understanding of how memory works, phonics approach, approach to teaching language that teaches children to translate letters into sounds and to combine individual sounds to form words, self-efficacy, individual’s confidence in their ability to successfully solve a problem or complete a task, seriation, ability to put objects in order, such as by size or color, triarchic theory of intelligence, theory of intelligence that proposes that there are three types of intelligence: analytical, creative and practical, whole-language approach, approach to teaching reading that uses natural context such as books rather than focusing on the sounds that make up words.

chapter 7

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