1) Face validity a) How fair and meaningful a test appears to learners b) The statistical difficulty of each test item 2) Authentic task a) A real-world language activity (e.g., writing an email) b) A list of random grammar sentences 3) Summative assessment a) Final evaluation at the end of a unit/course b) Feedback given during practice 4) Formative assessment a) Ongoing feedback during learning b) A final exam at the end of the semester 5) Test adaptation a) Modifying a test to match learner needs b) Making tests longer without purpose 6) Strategic support a) Clear instructions or sample tasks for test takers b) Giving students the test answers 7) Beneficial washback a) A test that improves teaching and learning b) A test that increases memorization 8) Future trend a) Computer-based or adaptive testing (Celce-Murcia) b) Only traditional paper tests

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