What shape is DNA?, Double helix — a twisted ladder, What are the 4 DNA bases?, Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine pairs with..., Thymine, Guanine pairs with..., Cytosine, What is a gene?, A section of DNA with instructions for one specific trait, What is a chromosome?, A bundle of tightly coiled DNA inside the nucleus, Smallest to largest: Base, Gene, DNA, Chromosome, Base, Gene, DNA, Chromosome, How many chromosomes in body cells?, 46, How many chromosomes in sperm or egg cells?, 23, What is protein synthesis?, Making proteins — DNA gives instructions, body builds proteins, What is an amino acid?, A tiny building block of proteins — like one LEGO brick, How many bases code for 1 amino acid?, 3 bases, What is a codon?, A group of 3 bases that codes for one amino acid, DNA codes for which molecule?, Protein, What is a mutation?, A change in the DNA bases, What are the 3 types of mutations?, Addition, Deletion, Substitution, Beneficial mutation means..., Helps you — example: lactose tolerance or blue eyes, Harmful mutation means..., Hurts you or causes disease — example: sickle cell disease, Neutral mutation means..., No effect — example: two different colored eyes, What is a mutagen?, Something in the environment that causes a mutation, Mutations in sperm or egg cells can be..., Passed down to offspring, What is asexual reproduction?, One parent makes an exact copy of itself, What is sexual reproduction?, Two parents combine DNA — child is a mix of both, What is mitosis?, One cell copies its DNA and splits into two identical cells, Is mitosis sexual or asexual?, Asexual — one cell, no sperm, no egg, no second parent, What is fertilization?, A sperm cell and egg cell join together, What is heredity?, The passing down of traits from parents to offspring, What is an allele?, One version of a gene — you get one from mom and one from dad, What is a dominant trait?, Shows up with just ONE copy — capital letter like B, What is a recessive trait?, Only shows with TWO copies — lowercase letter like b, What is a genotype?, The gene combination you carry — written as BB, Bb, or bb, What is a phenotype?, The trait you can actually see on the outside, What is homozygous?, Both genes are the same — BB or bb — purebred, What is heterozygous?, The two genes are different — like Bb — hybrid, What is a Punnett square?, A grid that shows the probability of a child's genes — each box = 25%, In Tt x Tt what percent show the dominant trait?, 75%, In Tt x Tt what percent show the recessive trait?, 25%, What is a pedigree chart?, A family tree that tracks ONE trait through generations, What does a circle represent in a pedigree?, Female, What does a square represent in a pedigree?, Male, What does a shaded shape mean in a pedigree?, That person has the trait being tracked, What is selective breeding?, Humans choose which organisms mate to get desired traits — no lab, Selective breeding is also called..., Artificial selection, What is genetic engineering?, Scientists physically change DNA in a lab, Genetic engineering is also called..., Genetic modification, What are environmental factors?, Outside conditions like water, sunlight, nutrients, temperature, space.

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