Achievable target, goal - An aim that is not too difficult for the learner to reach., Acquisition - To learn a language without studying it, just by hearing and/or reading and then using it., Attention span - How long a student is able to concentrate at any one time., Cognitive (processes) - The mental processes involved in thinking, understanding or learning., Confidence - The feeling someone has when they are sure of their ability to do well., Conscious of - To know that something exists or is happening or to have knowledge or experience of something, to be aware., Deductive learning - An approach to learning in which students are first taught the rules and given all the information they need about the language., Error - A mistake that a learner makes when trying to say something above their level of language or language processing., Developmental error - An error made by a second language learner which could also be made by a young person learning their mother tongue as part of their normal development., Expectation - A belief that something will happen., Exposure - When learners listen to or read language without being consciously aware of it., Factor - A fact or situation which influences the result of something., Focus on form - To pay attention to language by identifying and practising it., Goals - Aims that a student or teacher may have., Guidance - Help given by a teacher with learning, or with doing a task., Ignore (errors) - To choose not to pay attention to something such as error made by a student. A teacher may do this if they want to help the student with fluency, not accuracy., Independent study - Studying without a teacher present. This can be done at home, in a library., Inductive learning - An approach to learning in which students are not first taught the rules of grammar. They work out the rules for themslves by using the language. , Interference - When the learner's mother tongue influences their performance in the target language. A learner may make a mistake because they use the same grammatical pattern in the target language as they use in their mother tongue., Interlanguage - Learners' own version of the second language which they speak as they learn. It is constantly changing and developing as learners learn more of the second language. , L1 - The learner's mother tongue or first language., L2 - The learner's second or other language., Language awareness - Understanding the rules of how language works., Learner autonomy - When a student does not need a teacher to learn, but can set their own aims and organise their own study they are autonomous and independent., Learner characteristics - The typical things about a learner or learners that influence their learning., Learner training - The use of activities to help students understand how they learn and help them to become independent learners., Learning resources - The materials or tools which help students learn., Learning strategies - The techniques which a student consciously uses when learning or using language., Learning style - The way in which an individual learner naturally prefers to learn something., Auditory learner - A learner who remembers things more easily when they hear them spoken aloud.,

TKT Module 1 Background to language learning (1)

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