wave, A way of transferring energy or information. Many waves travel when particles pass on vibrations., longitudinal wave, A wave where the particles vibrate parallel to the direction the wave is travelling., transverse wave, A wave where the vibrations are perpendicular to the direction the wave is travelling., amplitude, The size of vibrations or the maximum distance a particle moves away from its resting position when a wave passes., wavelength, The distance between a point on one wave and the same point on the next wave., period, The time taken for one complete wave to pass a point. It is measured in seconds., frequency, The number of vibrations (or the number of waves) per second., hertz (Hz), The unit for frequency. One hertz is one wave per second., velocity, The speed of an object in a particular direction. Usually measured in metres per second (m/s)., seismic waves, Vibrations in the rocks of the Earth caused by earthquakes or explosions. There are transverse and longitudinal seismic waves., sound waves, Vibrations in the particles of a solid, liquid or gas, which are detected by our ears and ‘heard’ as sounds. Sound waves are longitudinal waves., electromagnetic waves, A group of waves that all travel at the same speed in a vacuum and are all transverse., absorb, When a wave disappears as the energy it is carrying transfers to the medium through which it is travelling., transmit, When a wave passes through a material and is not absorbed or reflected., refraction, The change in direction when waves go from one medium to another., medium, Any substance through which something travels., interface, The boundary between two materials., auditory nerve, The nerve that carries impulses from an ear to the brain., cochlea, The part of the ear that changes vibrations into electrical impulses., ear canal, The tube in the head that leads to the eardrum., eardrum, A thin membrane inside the ear that vibrates when sound reaches it., impulse, An electrical signal that travels in the nervous system., neurone, A cell that transmits electrical impulses in the nervous system., ultrasound, Sound waves with a frequency above 20 000 Hz, which is too high for the human ear to detect., sonar, A way of finding the distance to an underwater object (such as the sea bed) by timing how long it takes for a pulse of ultrasound to be reflected., ultrasound scan, A way of making an image of part of the body (usually a fetus) using ultrasound waves reflected from parts of the inside of the body., infrasound, Sound waves with a frequency below 20 Hz, which is too low for the human ear to detect., P waves, Longitudinal seismic waves that travel through the Earth., S waves, Transverse seismic waves that travel through the Earth., shadow zone, A part of the Earth’s surface that P or S waves from an earthquake do not reach because they have been reflected or refracted within the Earth..

Waves & Refraction

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