Increases Pain Transmission : Substance P, Prostaglandins, Bradykinin, Histamine, Decreases Pain Transmission: Seratonin, Endorphine, Factors that affect pain experience: age, fatigue, genetic sensitivity, cognitive function, prior experience, anxiety and fear, support systems and coping styles, culture, Nonverbal ques of pain: moaning, crying, decreased attention span, grimacing, pacing, guarding, NON pharm management: cognitive behavioral, cutaneous stim, distraction, relaxation, imagery, acupuncture, reduction of pain stimuli, elevation of edematous extremities,

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