Explain how the functions of cells are controlled by the nucleus, Summarise how mutations can affect the function of cells, Identify the types of mutation that can occur in DNA, Explain the extent to which substitution mutations alter protein structure, Explain the extent to which insertion mutations alter protein structure, Explain the extent to which deletion mutations alter protein structure, Describe the range of effects that mutations can have on protein function, Explain what gene expression is, Describe the advantages of regulating gene expression, State the levels at which gene expression can be regulated, Describe how transcription initiation can be regulated by DNA-binding proteins, Summarise the function of the Lac operon, Describe the structure of the Lac operon, Describe the function of the Lac operon in the absence of lactose, Describe the function of the Lac operon in the presence of lactose, Describe how mRNA splicing is a post-transcriptional gene regulatory mechanism, Describe how gene expression can be controlled at the post-translational level, Explain how and why fruitflies (Drosophila melanogaster) are used to study morphogenesis, Explain what homeobox genes are, Explain how homeobox genes control the body plan of an organism, Explain why mitosis and apoptosis are both required during development, Suggest how homeobox genes control the development of correct body plans.

Know your shit: Cellular control

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