Biogeochemical cycles describe how matter (like water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) moves through both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) parts of ecosystems. These cycles recycle essential elements that organisms need to survive. - What Are Biogeochemical Cycles?, Matter cannot be created or destroyed—only changed in form. Elements are recycled through Earth’s spheres: biosphere (life), atmosphere (air), lithosphere (land), and hydrosphere (water). - Law of Conservation of Matter, Evaporation: Water changes from liquid to vapor using energy from the Sun. 2.Transpiration: Plants release water vapor from their leaves. 3.Condensation: Water vapor cools and turns back into liquid, forming clouds. 4.Precipitation: Water falls to Earth as rain, snow, etc. 5.Runoff: Water flows over land into bodies of water. 6.Infiltration: Water soaks into the ground. 7.Sublimation: Ice changes directly into water vapor. 8.Deposition: Water vapor changes directly into solid ice (e.g., frost). - The Water Cycle (Hydrologic Cycle) Main Processes:, Releasing CO₂: Cellular Respiration: Organisms break down sugars, releasing CO₂. Decay: Decomposers break down dead material. Volcanic Activity Weathering .Combustion: Burning of fossil fuels and biomass. Degasification: CO₂ is released from warming water. Storing CO₂: Photosynthesis: Plants absorb CO₂ and convert it into sugar and oxygen. Sedimentation: Carbon gets buried in sediments. Dissolution: CO₂ dissolves into water. - The Carbon-Oxygen Cycle, CO₂ + H₂O → Sugar + O₂ - Photosynthesis Equation:, Sugar + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O - Cellular Respiration Equation:, Nitrogen is essential for proteins and DNA. The atmosphere is mostly nitrogen (N₂), but it must be fixed to be usable. - The Nitrogen Cycle, Unique Feature: No gas phase (unlike other cycles). Sources of Phosphorus: Weathering of rocks. Decomposing organisms. Animal waste (feces). Phosphate fertilizers Movement: Phosphorus travels through soil, water, and organisms but not the atmosphere. - The Phosphorus Cycle, Decomposers like fungi and bacteria break down dead material. They return nutrients to the soil, water, and air. Crucial for the carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus cycles. - The Role of Decomposers, Burning fossil fuels adds extra CO₂ and nitrogen oxides to the air. Deforestation reduces photosynthesis, increasing CO₂. Agriculture adds excess nitrogen and phosphorus, causing pollution (e.g., algal blooms). Climate change can intensify the water cycle, causing droughts or floods. - How Human Activity Affects These Cycles, No cycle works alone. A change in one can affect others. Example: More CO₂ → Warmer Earth → More evaporation → Changes in the water cycle. - Cycle Interactions, A diagram showing energy, biomass, or number of organisms at each trophic level. - Ecological Pyramid:, Phytoplankton (arrow -) zooplankton (arrow -) smelt (arrow -) salmon (arrow -) Human - Use the food web to the right to make a food chain that ends in a quaternary consumer., sun - Where does all the energy on Earth come from?, Energy is lost as you move up. Only 10% is passed to the next organism - How does the 10% rule impact energy flow in an ecosystem?, They have no natural predators - Why do exotic species tend to “thrive” more easily?, -carbon dioxide -sunlight -water - Name the reactants of photosynthesis., -Glucose -Oxygen - Name the products of photosynthesis., Producers! No other organism could live/ survive. - Other than the sun, what is the starting point of every food web and food chain? Explain what would happen if they were to disappear., A factor that stops a population from continuing to grow. (space, shelter, food, water desks in the classroom.) - Explain the limiting factor and provide at least 2 examples., Energy is lost. More food needs to be consumed for energy - Explain what happens in an energy pyramid as you move UP., Day 23. It becomes stable ! - During which day does the population reach its carrying capacity?, Keystone = vital to the environment -key role -important! Invasive=not native -does not belong -causes damage -no natural predators - Explain keystone species vs invasive species., The grain would Thrive. There would be more because they lost a predator. The bird population would lose a food source. - On the food web to the right, explain what would happen to grain AND the bird if the grasshopper population decreased?, M: :), :) C: :). :- P: :( ,:( - Describe the 3 types of symbiotic relationships., Primary: occurs where NO life existed, NEW SOIL takes longer Secondary: occurs where preexisting life occurred. After a natural disaster. (takes less time) - Explain primary and secondary succession., Carbon dioxide+water - glucose + oxygen (*flip for cell respiration) - Write the formula for photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Describe each part., Producers - Which trophic level receives the most energy?, Climate extremes - Which factor is NOT a density-dependent limiting factor?, Limited resources - What does logistic growth (s-shaped) indicate?,

Biology study guide 2

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