A ____ is a physical ____ that can run a program. Some examples include computers, tablets, ____, routers, and smart sensors. A ____ is a group of computing devices and programs working ____ for a common purpose. A ____ is a group of ____ computing devices capable of ____ data. A computer network is a type of ____. A ____ between two computing devices on a computer network (a sender and a receiver) is a sequence of directly connected computing devices that begins at the ____ and ends at the ____. ____ is the process of finding a ____ from sender to receiver. The ____ of a computer network is the ____ amount of data that can be sent in a ____ of time. Bandwidth is usually measured in ____ per ____. The ____ is a computer network consisting of ____ that use standardized, open (____) communication ____. Access to the Internet depends on the ability to ____ a computing device to an Internet connected device. A ____ is an agreed-upon set of ____ that specify the behavior of a system. The protocols used in the Internet are ____, which allows users to easily connect additional ____ to the Internet. ____ on the Internet is usually ____; it is not specified in advance. The ____ of a system is the capacity for the system to change in ____ to meet new ____ Information is passed through the Internet as a ____. Data streams contain chunks of ____, which are ____ in ____. ____ contain a chunk of data and ____ used for ____ the packet between the origin and the destination on the Internet, as well as for data ____. Packets may arrive at the destination ____, out of order, or ____ IP, TCP, and ____ are common ____ used on the Internet. The ____ is a system of linked ____, programs, and files. ____ is a protocol used by the World Wide Web. The World Wide Web uses ____. The Internet has been engineered to be ____, with ____ for routing and transmitting ____. ____ is the inclusion of extra ____ that can be used to mitigate failure of a system if other components ____. One way to accomplish network ____ is by having more than one ____ between any two ____. If a particular device or connection on the Internet ____, subsequent data will be sent via a different ____, if possible. When a system can support ____ and continue to ____, it is called ____. This is important because elements of complex systems fail at ____, often in groups, and fault tolerance allows users to continue to use the ____. Redundancy within a system often requires additional ____ but can provide the ____ of fault tolerance. The redundancy of ____ between two points increases the ____ of the Internet and helps it scale to more devices and more people. ____ is a computational model in which operations are performed in order one at a time. ____ is a computational model where the program is broken into multiple smaller sequential computing operations, some of which are performed simultaneously. ____ is a computational model in which multiple devices are used to run a program. Comparing ____ of solutions can be done by comparing the time it takes them to perform the ____. A ____ takes as long as the sum of all of its steps. A ____ takes as long as its sequential tasks plus the longest of its parallel tasks. The ____ of a parallel solution is measured in the time it took to complete the task ____ divided by the time it took to complete the task when done in ____. Solutions that use parallel computing can ____ more effectively than solutions that use ____ computing. ____ allows problems to be solved that could not be solved on a ____ computer because of either the processing time or ____ needs involved. When increasing the use of ____ in a solution, the efficiency of the solution is still limited by the ____ portion. This means that at some point, adding parallel portions will no longer meaningfully increase ____.

AP CSP - Computing Systems and Networks

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