Species richness - The number of species in a given area, Species evenness - The relative proportion of individuals within the different species in a given area, Phylogeny - The branching pattern of evolutionary relationships, Evolution - a process that results in changes in the genetic material of a population over time., Microevolution - Evolution below the species level, Macroevolution - Evolution that gives rise to new species, genera, famlies, classes, or phyla, Gene - A physical location on the chromosomes wiithin each cell of an organism, Genotype - The complete set of genes in an individual, Mutation - A random change in the genetic code produced by a mistake in the copying process, Recombination - The genetic process by which one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome during reproductive cell division, Evolution by artificial selection - The process in which humans determine which individuals breed, typically with a preconceived set of traits in mind, Evolution by natural selection - The process in which the environment determines which individuals survive and reproduce, Adaptation - A trait that improves an individual’s fitness, Gene flow - The process by which individuals move from one population to another and thereby alter the genetic composition of both populations, Genetic drift - A change in the genetic composition of a population over time, Bottleneck - Reduction in genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size, Founder effect - A change in the genetic composition of a population as a result of descending from a small number of colonizing individuals, Allopatric speciation - The process of speciation that occurs with geographic isolation, Reproductive isolation - The result of two populations within a species evolving separately to the point that they can no longer interbreed and produce viable offspring separately to the point that they can no longer interbreed and produce viable offspring, Sympatric speciation - The evolution of one species into two, without geographic isolation, Genetically modified organism (GMO) - An organism produced by copying genes from a species with a desirable trait and inserting them into another species, Range of tolerance - The limits to the abiotic conditions that a species can tolerate, Fundamental niche - The suite of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive, grow and reproduce., Realized niche - The range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives, Distribution - Areas of the world in which a species lives, Niche generalist - A species that can live under a wide range of abiotic or biotic components, Niche specialist - A species that is specialized to live in a specific habitat or to feed on a small group of species, Mass extinction - A large extinction of species in a relatively short period of time,

Chapter 5

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