Nucleus (overall) - Surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope) with pores. Contains chromatin and nucleolus. Controls cell activities by storing DNA and directing protein synthesis., Nuclear pore - Large protein complexes in the nuclear envelope that form openings. Allow selective movement of substances such as mRNA and ribosomal subunits between nucleus and cytoplasm., Nucleolus - Dense, spherical region inside the nucleus (not membrane-bound). Site of rRNA synthesis and assembly of ribosome subunits., Nucleoplasm - Gel-like substance inside the nucleus. Supports diffusion of ions, molecules and enzymes, and suspends chromatin and nucleolus., Nuclear envelope - Double membrane surrounding the nucleus; outer membrane continuous with rough ER; contains nuclear pores. Protects DNA and regulates transport in/out of nucleus., Mitochondrion - Double membrane; inner membrane folded into cristae, enclosing matrix with enzymes, DNA, and ribosomes. Site of aerobic respiration and ATP production., Chloroplast (plants) - Double membrane; thylakoids stacked into grana; stroma with enzymes, DNA, and ribosomes. Site of photosynthesis., Rough ER - Membrane network covered in ribosomes. Synthesises and transports proteins., Smooth ER - Membrane network without ribosomes. Synthesises and processes lipids., Golgi apparatus - Stacks of flattened sacs (cisternae). Modifies, packages and transports proteins and lipids., Lysosome - Vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes. Breaks down waste, pathogens, and old organelles., Ribosomes - Small organelles made of rRNA and protein; free in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER. Site of protein synthesis., Cell-surface membrane - Phospholipid bilayer with proteins. Controls exchange of substances and allows cell signalling., Cytoplasm - Jelly-like substance containing organelles, enzymes, and solutes. Site of many metabolic reactions.,

Structures and functions of parts of a eukaryotic cell

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