1) Sex-limited genes are those that are inherited by both men and women but only show up in the phenotype of women. 2) Mendel established the basis for genetic inheritance in all living things, including humans. The key to it all was his insight that humans inherit units or genes. 3) Mendel's principle of independent assortment states that various pairs of alleles are passed down to offspring independently. The genes that define a trait do not mix with the genes that determine other traits. As a result, new gene combinations that neither parent has are possible. 4) Incomplete Dominance is type of inheritance that two alleles have if their traits blend 5) When a woman is homozygous normal and her husband is heterozygous for a genetically inherited recessive condition, they can have healthy child because none of their children can be homozygous recessive, they will all be healthy (aa). At each delivery, however, there will be a 50% chance that the offspring will be carriers (Aa). The other half of the population will be homozygous dominant (AA). 6) Mendel's first law also known as Law of Segregation. This law states that, during the gamete formation, the two alleles carried by an individual parent must become separated to form a single gamete. The phase of meiosis the serves as basis for this law is Anaphase I.  7) Mendel's second law also known as Law of Independent Assortment said that during the gamete formation, each allele of one gene is assorted independently with allele of another gene. The phase of meiosis that serves as basis for this law is Metaphase I. 8) Mendel studied the inheritance of characteristics in garden peas (Pisum sativum). The reason why Mendel chose the pea plants (Pisum sativum) in his;s experimental procedure because they had short life cycle, they easily to cultivate and grow in large number, they pollination could be controlled and they have easily observable characters. 9) The characters are flower colour and plant height. Each character has 2 alleles. So, capital A and T for dominant allele for purple flower and tall plant while small letter a and t for recessive allele for white flower and dwarf plant. So, during dihybrid test cross of the flower colour and plant height, the phenotypic ratio for this cross is 1:1:1:1. 10) Deviations from the Mendelian inheritance is a general term that refers to any pattern of inheritance in which traits do not segregate in accordance with Mendel's law. Example of deviations such as Incomplete dominant alleles, Codominance, Multiple alleles traits, Polygenic inheritance, Pleiotropy, Linked genes and Sex-linked genes. 11) Inheritance is the transmission of traits or information from one generation of individuals or cells to the next. 12) the dominant allele mask the appearance of the recessive one 13) This is the definition of the principle of segregation. Stated in other words, genes occur in pairs and during the process of sex cell production, the members of each pair separate so that each sperm and ovum cell receives one member of each pair. 14) incomplete dominance is the blending of alleles, resulting in a phenotype that is in between the two extremes 15) codominance is a form of dominance wherein the alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed. this result in offspring with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor recessive 16) An allele is a variant form of a gene. Some genes have a variety of different forms, which are located at the same position, or genetic locus, on a chromosome. 17) A phenotype is an individual's observable traits, such as height, eye color, and blood type. The genetic contribution to the phenotype is called the genotype. Some traits are largely determined by the genotype, while other traits are largely determined by environmental factors. 18) There are 50% of aa offspring and 50% of Aa offspring produced by parents with genotypes of Aa and aa. 19) Only males have a Y chromosome, so if the test identifies DNA from a Y chromosome in the mother's blood, the fetus is likely to be male.

FLASHCARD INHERITANCE GENETICS

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