The main clinical differential diagnostic sign of prolonged pneumonia from tuberculosis is, lack of contact with tb patient, development of the disease against the background of an acute respiratory viral infection with severe catarrhal symptoms in the lungs, diffuse catarrhal endobronchitis, Tuberculosis intoxication in children and adolescents is clinically manifested by, symptoms of lung damage, damage to various organs and systems, the absence of clinical manifestations, general intoxication syndrome, The most informative method for diagnosing bacterioexcretion in the primary tuberculosis complex is, molecular genetic, bacterioscopic (luminescent), bacteriological, bacterioscopic (simple microscopy), The detection of high-intensity foci in the roots of the lungs in an adult who claims that he has not had tuberculosis in the past most reliably indicates, artifact, previous tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes in the past under the “mask” of another disease, anthracosilicosis, concealment of medical history data, tuberculosis of intrathoracic lymph nodes, infiltration phase, The main methods for identifying patients with tuberculosis of intrathoracic lymph nodes are, tuberculin diagnostics, test with recombinant tuberculosis allergen and X-ray tomography (including CT) examination, fluorographic examination and X-ray tomography examination, analysis of the clinical picture of the disease, medical history and fluorographic examination, The primary tuberculosis complex is, a pulmonary component, lymphangitis, going to the root, a pulmonary component, lymphangitis going to the root, and damage to regional lymph nodes, a lesion of the intrathoracic lymph nodes and foci in the lung tissue, a lesion of the lymph nodes, the walls of the adjacent bronchus and foci in the lung tissue, What does the primary tuberculosis complex consist of?, primary granuloma, systemic vasculitis, foci of seeding, primary cavity, regional hemorrhagic vasculitis, bronchial tuberculosis, primary affect, regional lymphangitis, regional lymphadenitis, primary tuberculoma, systemic lymphangitis, systemic vasculitis, primary granuloma, bacteremia, paraspecific changes, With tuberculosis intoxication, peripheral lymph nodes become, softened, with a necrotic center, fistulas can form, soft, elastic, mobile, dense, adherent to the skin, and painful, look like dense mobile conglomerates, dense, lumpy, and adherent to the skin, How do paraspecific changes manifest themselves in primary tuberculosis?, pleurisy, peritonitis, pericarditis, pneumonia, chronic obstructive bronchitis, bronchial asthma, rhinitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, phenomena of exudative, allergic diathesis, keratoconjunctivitis, blepharitis, erythema nodosum, The pulmonary affect of the primary tuberculosis complex is, an isolated calcification in the lung tissue with a diameter of 3-5 mm, a focus of specific pneumonia surrounded by a zone of perifocal paraspecific inflammation, a single focus of acinous or lobular caseous pneumonia located subpleurally, What examination is indicated for suspected minor form of tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes?, fibrobronchoscopy, fluorography, tomography, computed tomography, plain radiography, Tuberculosis intoxication is, characterized by enlargement of peripheral lymph nodes (moderate enlargement of at least 5 groups of lymph nodes), characterized by enlargement of peripheral lymph nodes (moderate enlargement of at least 2 groups, in particular submandibular and cervical lymph nodes), not characterized by enlargement of peripheral lymph nodes, characterized by an increase in peripheral lymph nodes (significant increase), characterized by enlargement of peripheral lymph nodes in some cases, When establishing a diagnosis of tuberculosis intoxication, it is indicated, examination, vaccination, dynamic monitoring, anti-tuberculosis therapy, chemoprophylaxis, Inflammation in the tumorous form of tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes develops, around the lymph node, compressing it, under the capsule of the lymph node, stretching it, along the pulmonary vessels, inside the lymph node in the form of inclusions, both inside and outside the capsule of the lymph node, Inflammation in the infiltrative form of tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes develops, along the pulmonary vessels, both inside and outside the capsule of the lymph node, inside the lymph node in the form of inclusions, around the lymph node, compressing it, under the capsule of the lymph node, stretching it, The most typical morphological change in tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes in the active phase is, fibrous degeneration of the lymph node, calcification, hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue with caseous necrosis in the center, perifocal inflammation, Primary Ghon's focus is, a primary complex in the infiltration phase, a calcified intrathoracic lymph node, a focus of hematogenous seeding, the primary complex in the bipolar phase, calcified primary pulmonary affect, A common outcome of uncomplicated primary tuberculosis complex is, recovery with the formation of calcified foci in the lungs (primary Ghon's focus) and roots, complete recovery without residual changes, recovery with the formation of diffuse pneumofibrosis, recovery with the formation of cysts in the lungs and thickening of the roots, recovery with the formation of areas of ossification in the lungs, X-ray signs of the infiltrative form of tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes are, blurriness, unclearness of the outer contour of the root shadow and a decrease in the size of the root shadow, widening of the lung root. clear outer contours, root widening, unclear contours, increase and deformation of the root shadow in size, decrease in the structure of the root shadow, What is most often involved in the process of primary tuberculosis complex?, bronchopulmonary lymph nodes, lymphatic nodes regional to the pulmonary component, lymph nodes of the central mediastinum, lymph nodes of the superior mediastinum, What is the “minor form” of tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes?, a.caseous degeneration of 2 or more lymph nodes witha small area of ​​perifocal inflammatory reaction, b.severe hyperplasia of 1-2 lymph nodes with a large area of ​​perifocal inflammatory reaction, c.mild hyperplasia of 1-2 lymph nodes with minimal central caseosis, d.bilateral hyperplasia of the lymph nodes with a pronounced perifocal inflammatory reaction, Criteria for tuberculosis intoxication, a.hyperthermia, asthenia, conversion of tuberculin sensitivity and local form of primary tuberculosis, b.lymphadenopathy, intoxication, conversion of tuberculin sensitivity and functional impairment syndrome, c.intoxication, conversion of tuberculin sensitivity, d.conversion of tuberculin sensitivity, changes in intrathoracic lymph nodes and paraspecific changes, The following group of intrathoracic lymph nodes is most often affected by tuberculosis, a.bifurcation, b.bronchopulmonary, c.diaphragmatic, d.tracheobronchial, e.paratracheal, Tuberculosis intoxication is, A.condition when the patient is suspected of tuberculosis, but has not yet been examined, b.clinical form of primary tuberculosis, in which there is a symptom complex of functional disorders without local manifestations of the disease, c.a condition when a hyperergic reaction to the Mantoux test is diagnosed, d.a condition when a person is infected with MBT, but there are no clinical manifestations of the disease, Pulmonary affect in the primary tuberculosis complex is often localized in, a.well-ventilated segments of the lung, b.segments of the lung that are well accessible for lymphatic drainage, Morphological criteria that make it possible to distinguish between infiltrative and tumorous forms of tuberculous lesions of the intrathoracic lymph nodes include, a.degree of calcification in the lymph nodes, b.the ratio of hyperplastic and caseous changes in the tissue of the lymph node, c.the number of groups of lymph nodes involved in the pathological process, d.the involvement of the bronchi and lung tissue in the process, The radiographic symptom of bipolarity in the primary tuberculosis complex corresponds to the phase of, a.induration, b.petrification, c.resorption, d.infiltration, e.calcification, Calcification processes in the primary tuberculosis complex are completed after, a.1,5-2 years, b.7-10 days, c.1-2 months, d.10-12 months, e.2-3 weeks, Local changes during tuberculosis intoxication in children and adolescents, a.may or may not be present, b.are not detected, but are present in the patient’s body, c.are significantly expressed in all organs and tissues, d.are rarely detected, e.are absent in the child’s body, In the infiltration phase, the “minor form” of tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes is detected, a.radiographically by indirect signs and according to CT data, b.according to tuberculin test and test with recombinant tuberculosis allergen, c.only radiographically by direct signs, d.radiographically by indirect signs, Bronchogenic contamination(seeding) in the absence of decay of lung tissue, a.is a direct radiological sign of bronchial damage, b.means nothing, c.is an indirect sign of bronchial damage, The development of bronchial tuberculosis in primary tuberculosis is based on, a.the penetration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis into the bronchial wall during breathing, b.the transition of the inflammatory process from the lymph node capsule to the peribronchial connective tissue, and then to the bronchial wall, The main reason for impaired bronchial obstruction in tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes is, a.obstruction of the bronchial lumen by caseous masses, b.aspiration of caseous masses, c.compression of the bronchial tube from the outside by enlarged lymph nodes, The most common outcome of bronchial tuberculosis in children is, a.complete resorption, b.stenosis and deformation, c.scarring and deformation, In what way does Mycobacterium tuberculosis, when pleurisy occurs as a complication of primary tuberculosis, more often enter the pleura?, a.lymphogenous dissemination, b.during surgery (complication), c.hematogenous dissemination, d.sputogenic, e.by contact, Characteristic radiological signs of bronchopulmonary damage in tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes are, a.displacement of the mediastinum to the affected side, a heterogeneous triangular shadow with an apex towards the diaphragm, b.displacement of the mediastinum to the affected side, a uniform triangular shadow with its apex towards the diaphragm, c.displacement of the mediastinum to the healthy side, a uniform triangular shadow with its apex towards the diaphragm, d.displacement of the mediastinum to the healthy side, a heterogeneous triangular shadow with an apex towards the diaphragm, Foci of bronchogenic contamination(seeding) in primary tuberculosis, with adequate treatment, most often, a.turn into limited fibrosis, b.turn into pneumosclerosis, c.undergo calcification, d.completely resolve, Outbreaks of chronic primary tuberculosis can be expressed by, a.development of complications of primary tuberculosis, the involvement of new groups of intrathoracic lymph nodes in the process, b.frequent exacerbations of concomitant pathology, c.development of respiratory and heart failure, With tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes complicated by obstructive segmental or lobar emphysema, ...... are noted, a.cough and dullness of percussion sound, b.hard breathing. percussion sound enhancement, c.hemoptysis and shortness of breath, d.weakened breathing and percussion box sound, Tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes can be complicated by, a.hemoptysis, b.bronchial tuberculosis and bronchopulmonary lesions, c.amyloidosis of internal organs, d.respiratory failure, The degrees of bronchial obstruction in tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes are, a.acute valve swelling and partial reaeration, b.hypoventilation and partial reaeration, c.hypoventilation and atelectasis, d.acute valve swelling and atelectasis, Foci of bronchogenic contamination(seeding) in primary tuberculosis should, first of all, be differentiated from, a.disseminated processes in the lungs of nonspecific etiology, b.lobar pneumonia, c.focal pneumonia, The leading clinical sign of bronchial tuberculosis is, a.increase in body temperature to 38-C and above, b.dyspnea, c.asymptomatic course, d.cough, e.symptoms of intoxication, The main disease of the bronchopulmonary system, with which bronchopulmonary lesions are differentiated, is, a.prolonged segmental (lobar) pneumonia, b.focal pneumonia, c.bronchial asthma, d.lobar pneumonia, Bronchopulmonary affect in tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes is, a.atelectasis and specific inflammation, b.an affect of the bronchus with the presence of atelectasis and specific and nonspecific inflammation, c.an affect of the bronchus with the presence of atelectasis, d.an affect of the bronchus with the presence of atelectasis and nonspecific inflammation, When primary tuberculosis is complicated by lymphogenous dissemination, the intrathoracic lymph nodes often, a.are slightly hyperplastic, b.are unchanged, c.contain caseous masses, What is most characteristic of chronic primary tuberculosis?, a.adolescence, long-term course with outbreaks and remissions, damage to lymph nodes of various groups, lung tissue, bronchi, pleura, b.early childhood, long-term course with outbreaks and remissions, damage to lymph nodes of various groups, lung tissue, bronchi, pleura, c.adolescence, combination with nonspecific bronchopulmonary inflammation, damage only to the intrathoracic lymph nodes, d.early childhood, self-healing tendency, Complicated tuberculosis of intrathoracic lymph nodes is, a.tuberculosis that has a long, torpid course, b.severe tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes, occurring with severe general and local symptoms, c.tuberculosis that has a tendency to generalize, d.progressive tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes with the transition of the pathological process to the bronchi, lung tissue and other organs, Tuberculous lesions of the central nervous system in patients with HIV infection most often manifest as, a.basal leptomeningitis, b.meningomyelitis, c.convexital meningitis, d.meningoencephalitis, e.meningitis, Subacute disseminated tuberculosis is characterized by a .......course, a.asymptomatic, b.progressive, c.fulminant, d.torpid, e.undulating, The most common clinical form of tuberculosis in late stages of HIV infection, a.infiltrative, b.cirrhotic, c.fibro-cavernous, d.focal, e.disseminated, Miliary tuberculosis is characterized by, a.absence of bacterioexcretion, b.poor bacterioexcretion, c.abundant bacterioexcretion, Specify the most characteristic change on a radiograph for respiratory tuberculosis in patients in the late stages of HIV infection, a.disseminated process with damage of the intrathoracic lymph nodes and pleura, b.the presence of large cavities with thick walls, c.the presence of a rounded single shadow at the apex of the lung, d.localization mainly in 1,2,6 pulmonary segments, It is necessary to assume miliary tuberculosis, a.with hyperergic tuberculin tests and intoxication syndrome, b.if there is subfebrile fever, c.in case of severe inflammatory intoxication of unknown origin in combination with total monomorphic dissemination, d.if there is a cough that does not respond to treatment, e.in case of severe shortness of breath, The characteristic form of decay cavities in subacute disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis is, a.cavities are not typical, b.one thick-walled cavity and multiple thin-walled “daughter” cavities, c.bilateral asymmetric thick-walled cavities, d.bilateral symmetrical thin-walled cavities, e.unilateral multiple cavities of various shapes, Tuberculosis developing in patients with HIV infection with significant immunosuppression (CD4+ lymphocyte level less than 200 cells/μl), a.is often generalized in nature with simultaneous damage to several organs and systems, b.is characterized by a disseminated process in the lung tissue, c.does not differ from the course of tuberculosis in HIV-negative individuals, d.is characterized by cavitary formations in the lung tissue, Evidence of miliary tuberculosis is often, a.massive bacterioexcretion, b.extrapulmonary localization of tuberculosis, c.hyperergic tuberculin tests, d.tuberculous lesions of the bronchi, e.the clinical and radiological effectiveness of trial specific therapy, The most common localization of foci in disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis, a.in the lower-posterior regions, b.at the apexes in the cortical regions, c.in the middle sections, mainly cortically, d.in the lower-anterior regions, e.in the root regions, Generalized tuberculosis according to the clinical classification of V.I. Pokrovsky is a sign of, a.IV V stage of HIV infection, b.II stage of HIV infection, c.III stage of HIV infection, d.IV B stage of HIV infection, e.IV А stage of HIV infection, Acute tuberculous sepsis most often occurs in, a.patients over 60 years of age, b.children under 3 years of age, c.patients with HIV infection with a CD4 level of less than 50 cells/μl, d.patients with HIV infection with a CD4 level of more than 350 cells/μl, Tuberculous sepsis (Landouzi sepsis) more often occurs in patients with tuberculosis in combination with, a.diabetes mellitus, b.HIV infection with CD4 less than 350 cells/μl, c.HIV infection with CD4 less than 100 cells/μl, d.autoimmune diseases, Frequency of sputum testing for AFB in an HIV-infected patient, a.twice, b.five times, c.once, d.three times, Tuberculosis developing in patients with HIV infection with a CD4+ lymphocyte count of more than 500 cells/μl, a.is characterized by a disseminated process in the lung tissue, b.does not differ from the course of tuberculosis in HIV-negative individuals, c.is often generalized in nature with simultaneous damage to several organs and systems, The characteristic course of chronic disseminated tuberculosis is, a.torpid, b.asymptomatic, c.progressive, d.undulating, e.fulminant, Tuberculin sensitivity in HIV-positive individuals (adults and children) with immunosuppression is ...... compared to HIV-negative individuals, a.increased, b.not changed, c.reduced, A patient with HIV infection with a CD4+ level - 93 cells/µl and with increasing fever of unknown origin for 2 weeks a CT scan of the respiratory organs with a normal radiograph is necessary, a.yes, b.yes. in the presence of pathology on a plain radiograph of the lungs, c.no, d.not necessary, Feedback, The correct answer is: yes, The main morphological feature of acute (miliary) hematogenously disseminated tuberculosis is, a.bronchogenic foci, b.damage of the bronchi by tuberculosis, c.multiple cavities, d.exudative-caseous foci, e.small monomorphic productive foci, The most common localizations of the pathological process in miliary tuberculosis are, a.the spleen and kidneys, b.the liver and spleen, c.the lungs and liver, d.the kidneys and membranes of the brain, e.the lungs and spleen, What are the predominant morphological changes in focal tuberculosis?, a.exudative inflammation, b.alterative inflammation, c.necrosis, d.productive inflammation, How is focal tuberculosis most often detected?, a.during a clinical examination of patients who came with characteristic complaints, b.during immunological examination, c.during a preventive fluorographic examination, d.with bacterioscopic analysis of sputum, e.during bronchoscopic examination, What test is performed if the activity of fibrous-focal tuberculosis is questionable?, a.Mantoux test с 5 TU, b.Pirquet's test, c.Mantoux test с 2 TU PPD-L, d.test with recombinant tuberculosis allergen, The relative location of foci in focal pulmonary tuberculosis is often, a.evenly, b.chaotic, c.group, d.thick, The characteristic percussion picture for focal tuberculosis is, a.tympanic percussion sound, b.clear lung sound, c.dullness of percussion sound at the apex, d.dullness of percussion sound in the basal regions, e.dullness of percussion sound in the root zone, Indicate the most common complaints in a patient with focal pulmonary tuberculosis, a.dyspnea, b.pulmonary hemorrhage, c.cough with a lot of purulent sputum, d.weakness, sweating, fatigue, slight increase in temperature, e.fever up to 38°C, Typical radiological signs of a fresh focal shadow in the lung, a.high intensity, clear contours, diameter up to 1-1.2 cm, b.low or medium intensity, unclear contours, diameter up to 1-1.2 cm, c.medium intensity, round shape, diameter 3-5 cm, d.high intensity, unclear contours, diameter greater than 1-1.2 cm, Bacterial excretion in focal tuberculosis is observed by, a.bacterioscopy method (often), b.bacteriological method (sometimes), c.bacteriological method (always), d.bacterioscopy method (always), Typical radiological signs of fibrous focal shadow in the lung, a.high intensity, clear contours, diameter greater than 1-1.2 cm, b.low or medium intensity, unclear contours, diameter more than 1-1.2 cm, c.medium intensity, round shape, diameter 3-5 cm, d.high intensity, clear contours, diameter up to 1-1.2 cm, The characteristic auscultatory picture in focal tuberculosis is, a.scattered dry wheezing, b.vesicular respiration, c.dry wheezing at the apex, d.scattered moist rales, e.dry and moist rales at the apexes, Characteristic localization of foci in focal tuberculosis, a.segments 3-4, b.lung root, c.segments 9-10, d.segments 7-8, e.segments 1-2, Tuberculoma of the lung is, a.Caseous necrosis more than 1 cm in size, surrounded by a connective tissue capsule with the inclusion of cellular elements of tuberculous granuloma, b.caseous necrosis more than 1 cm in size, surrounded by a zone of specific and nonspecific inflammation, c.caseous necrosis more than 1 cm in size, surrounded by a zone of specific granulation tissue, What decay occurs most often with tuberculoma?, a.marginal, b.central, c.marginal, eccentric, in the area of ​​the draining bronchus, d.peripheral, Name the most common way to detect tuberculoma in adults, a.mass X-ray (preventive) examinations, b.sputum examination for MBT, c.immunodiagnostics, d.seeking medical attention for fever, e.seeking medical help for a cough, The formation of tuberculoma from a cavity is possible when, a.the cavity is filled, b.the cavity is scarred, c.the size of the cavity increases, d.the cavity is deformed, Most often, tuberculomas have a .....clinical course, a.regressive, b.stationary, c.progressive, The indication for surgical treatment of tuberculoma is, a.small size of the tuberculoma (up to 2 cm), b.the regressive course of tuberculoma, c.destruction of lung tissue and bacterioexcretion, d.old age, The characteristic course of pulmonary tuberculoma is, a.mild or asymptomatic, b.subacute, reminiscent of influenza or pneumonia, c.acute onset, rapid deterioration, d.acute onset, rapid reversal under the influence of chemotherapy, e.gradually progressive deterioration of the condition, What is more often responsible for the heterogeneity (inhomogeneity) of the structure of pulmonary tuberculoma?, a.loosening of caseous masses and the presence of calcifications in them, b.necrosis, c.presence of liquid, d.visible bronchi, A characteristic X-ray picture of pulmonary tuberculoma is, a.intense shadow with blurred contours, with translucency in the center, b.rounded homogeneous, sometimes inhomogeneous shadow with clear contours, with foci in the surrounding lung tissue, c.homogeneous shadow, low intensity with unclear contours, d.homogeneous shadow with lumpy contours, strands in the form of “rays”, sometimes enlarged lymph nodes at the root, e.rounded intense shadow in segments III, IV with lumpy contours, Tuberculomas within a segment are most often localized, a.In the central section, b.intersegmentally, c.subpleurally, cortically, Most often, cavernous tuberculosis is formed from, a.tuberculous bronchadenitis, b.infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis, c.cirrhotic pulmonary tuberculosis, d.tuberculomas, e.disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis, One of the main clinical signs of fibrocavernous tuberculosis is, a.alternation of periods of exacerbation and remission in a patient with the presence of a caverna in the lung and the excretion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, b.severe weakness, sweating, fever, c.frequent hemoptysis, severe cough in the presence of a cavity of destruction in the lung, d.shortness of breath during exercise in a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis with the presence of a cavity of destruction in the lung, The most common specific complication of fibrous-cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis is, a.caseous pneumonia, b.tuberculosis of the larynx, c.tuberculosis of the large bronchus (main, lobar), d.intestinal tuberculosis, e.miliary tuberculosis. tuberculous meningitis, Characteristics of clinical symptoms of fibrous-cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis, a.no complaints or cough with slight sputum production, sometimes local wet wheezing, b.cough, sputum with an unpleasant odor,high temperature during an exacerbation, sweating, wet and dry wheezing, deformation of the terminal phalanges of the fingers, c.chest pain, often hemoptysis, shortness of breath, weakened breathing, sometimes wet or local dry wheezing, d.cough with sputum, shortness of breath, hemoptysis, periodic fever, sweating, local wet wheezing, satisfactory condition during remission, e.no complaints, sometimes dry cough, normal body temperature, auscultatory data are minimal, The most common criterion for the activity of tuberculous cirrhosis is, a.detection of bronchial tuberculosis, b. detection of MBT in sputum, c.analysis of X-ray and fluorographic archive, d.results of trial therapy, One of the listed radiological signs of a cavity of destruction is, a.the presence of a shadow of the draining bronchus, deformation of the pulmonary pattern, somewhat irregular shape of the caverna, b.incongruence of the internal and external contours of the cavity of destruction, c.bronchogenic dissemination, d.presence of foci of bronchogenic dissemination, horizontal fluid level, e.the presence of a ring-shaped shadow with a continuous closed contour in two mutually perpendicular projections, the absence of a pulmonary pattern in the window of X-ray translucency, The main reason for the formation of fibrous-cavernous tuberculosis is, a.MBT resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs, b.untimely identification of the process, c.inadequate treatment regimen, d.psychoactive substance dependence, In fibrous-cavernous tuberculosis, the caverna wall has, a.layer of caseous necrosis and a layer of coarse scar tissue with ingrowth of the latter into the interstitium of the lung, b.layer of caseous necrosis, layer of specific granulations and nonspecific infiltration, c.layer of caseous necrosis. layer of specific granulations and fibrous tissue, Fibrous-cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis rarely develops from, a.tuberculoma, b.bronchial tuberculosis (as form of tuberculosis), c.infiltrative tuberculosis, d.disseminated tuberculosis, e.focus of tuberculosis, A radical method of treating cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis is, a.cavernotomy, b.endobronchial administration of rifampicin, c.intracavernous administration of chemotherapy drugs, d.artificial pneumothorax, e.lung resection, How long does it take to transform “fresh” destructive tuberculosis into fibrous-cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis?, a.6-12 months, b.18-24 months, c.12-18 months

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