Opening - How the extract begins, Focus Shift - How the extract changes, Ending - How the extract comes to a close, Flashbacks - A scene set in an earlier point in time to the main story, Foreshadowing - A warning or indication of future events, 1st person point of view - A story narrated by the main character (eg: using 'I saw...'), 3rd person point of view - A story narrated by an outsider looking in (eg: using 'he' 'she' or 'they'), Chronological order - Events are told in the order they happened, Non-chronological order - Events are not told in time order, Repetition - Ideas or themes are repeated, Juxtaposition - Ideas, colours, concepts, themes that are in contrast, Dialogue - Direct speech of characters, Protagonist - The main character, Characterisation - The creation or construction of a fictional character, Conflict - The struggle or clash between opposing forces within a story, Climax - Tension is at its peak/highest point of action, Rising Action - Series of events that occur after the exposition, Resolution - Main plot point and conflict reaches its conclusion, Inciting Action - Something which triggers the action, Cyclical - The story's ending returns the reader to the beginning, Freytag's Pyramid - Story arc that can be applied to most fiction, Exposition - Start of story where the setting, characters, and initial conflict are introduced, Denoument - Final element where all lose ends & plot points are resolved, In media res - Where the story begins right in the middle of the action, Temporal references - References to time, Setting - Time and place of the story, Withholding information - Intentional holding back details to create intrigue and tension, Intentional paragraphing - Short or long but used for effect, Choppy punctuation - Dashes, semi-colons, colons used intentionally for effect, Flashforward - A jump forward in time,

Structural techniques

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