The period from birth to the beginning of formal education, is witness to some of children’s most critical developments, including oral language, print awareness, and phonological awareness - Prereading stage, Reading that is efficient, well paced, and free of errors - Fluency, The idea that as children become more confident and fluent in their reading abilities, their reading becomes more automatic - Ungluing, The ability to think about and analyze language as an object of attention - Metalinguistic competence, The process of breaking down speech or text into smaller units (phonemes) - Segmentation, Language that people use in nonliteral and often abstract ways - Figurative language, The ability to make sound modifications by joining certain morphemes, vowel shifting, and using stress and emphasis to distinguish phrases from compound words - Morphophonemic development, Developmentally advanced grammatical structures that mark a “literate,” or decontextualized, language style (seen in written language) - Complex syntax, Analyzing the lexical, inflectional, and derivational morphemes of unfamiliar words to infer their meanings - Morphological analysis, When words or phrases have multiple meanings - Lexical ambiguity, The ability to use language for a variety of communicative purposes or functions - Functional flexibility, The combination of narrative elements in an expressive or artful manner of storytelling - Expressive elaboration,

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