Steamboat - Invented by Robert Fulton in 1807, this craft was used to move people and goods upstream against the current., Rural - related to the countryside characterized by small populations and/or agriculture, Urbanization - Increased movement of people to cities. Caused by industrialization, Industrialization - The use of machines to manufacture goods cheaply and efficiently, Telegraph - Made instant communication possible using electrical pulses sent through a wire. Invented by Samuel Morse, Interchangeable Parts - Eli Whitney invented this process of using standardized parts so they could be easily assembled and replaced, Mechanical Reaper - A horse drawn machine that provided a cheaper and more efficient way to harvest grain, Textiles - A type of cloth or woven fabric manufactured in mills for commercial use, Canal - Man-made waterways that made moving goods more efficient. Cities grew around these waterways. , Free enterprise - An economic system in which private businesses operate for profit with little or no government control, Irish immigrants - Left Ireland because of the Potato Famine. Worked in factories, on railroads, and on the Erie Canal., German immigrants - Left Germany because of political unrest. Lived on farms in the Midwest, and worked in factories., Chinese immigrants - Came to California looking for gold. Worked on farms and the Transcontinental Railroad., Causes of Industrialization - War of 1812. Advanced technology. Cheap labor. Free Enterprise System., Cotton gin - Contributed to the spread of slavery. Allowed cotton fibers to be separated from the seed easier., Characteristics of Industrialization - New technology. Natural resources. Large labor force. Improved transportation., Effects of Industrialization - Urbanization (growth of cities). New job opportunities. Cheaper goods., Causes of Urbanization - Factory system. Immigration. Moving from rural areas to cities., Railroads - Connected the country from the east to the west. Improved transportation.,

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