Postconventional Morality - Affirms people's agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles, Cross-sectional Study - a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another., Longitudinal Study - research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period., Habituation decreasing - responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner., Social Learning Theory - the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punishe, Authoritarian Parent - a parenting style characterized by high levels of control and low levels of affection  , Identity v. Role Confusion - (12-18 years) adolescents must make the transition to adulthood, establish an identity, develop a sense of self, and consider a future occupational identity; otherwise, role confusion can result, Fluid Intelligence - one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood, Crystallized Intelligence - one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age, Preconventional Moralit - Before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward., Permissive Parent (Baumrind) - a parenting style characterized by low levels of control or, Conservation - the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects., Criticism of Piaget’s Theory - 1. Age ranges are not necessarily concrete. 2. Children more competent than what is expected. 3. Stages are broader and less concrete in steps. Spectrum vs. stages., Piaget’s Stages - sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, Gender Roles - a set of expected behaviors for males or for females,

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