CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference), A framework for learning, teaching, and assessing languages across Europe and beyond., Can Do Descriptors, Statements that describe what learners are able to do at each level., Common Reference Levels (A1–C2), Six bands of proficiency, from beginner to proficient user., Action-Oriented Approach, Focuses on what learners can do in real-life tasks, not just what they know., Learners as Social Agents, Learners are seen as active participants in society using language to interact., European Language Portfolio (ELP), A tool with Passport, Biography, and Dossier sections for self-assessment and documenting progress., Plurilingualism, A learner’s dynamic ability to draw on all their languages for communication., Pluriculturalism, The ability to participate in and identify with multiple cultures., Interculturality, Reflecting on cultural otherness, showing empathy, and mediating between cultures., Backward Design, Curriculum design that starts from learning outcomes and then plans content and assessment., Four Modes of Communication, Reception, Production, Interaction, and Mediation., General Competences (Savoirs), Knowledge, skills, attitudes, and ability to learn that support language use..

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