Blockchain is a secure digital record book, Decentralized is a No single party controls the ledger, Every participant has a copy of the ledger., Blockchain relies on several cryptographic primitives to ensure security, integrity, authenticity, privacy, and trust., A collision occurs when two different inputs generate the same hash., A public key cryptosystem uses two keys public and private, A Merkle Tree is a binary tree where each leaf contains the hash of a transaction, A Zero-Knowledge Proof allows one party (Prover) to prove knowledge of a secret to another party, A MAC verifies both Data integrity and Data authenticity, A nonce is a random or sequential number used only once., Once data is recorded on the blockchain, it cannot be altered or deleted, A collision in blockchain refers to a situation where two different inputs produce the same hash output, A mathematical scheme that proves a message or transaction genuinely came from its claimed sender, and that it hasn't been altered since., Decentralization and Resilience Distributed record-keeping involves storing data across multiple nodes, Fault models describe accidental failure; adversary models describe intentional attack, Every correctness or security proof is a proof relative to a model, Several Byzantine army divisions surround an enemy city, Each division is led by a general, and the generals can only communicate by messenger, Some generals may be traitors, they can send conflicting messages to sabotage agreement

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