A researcher asks whether "climate refugees" really exist as a category or are a label made up by media and NGOs. Which paradigm dimension is she questioning?, Ontology, Epistemology, Methodology, Axiology, Two scholars argue whether WhatsApp messages from migrants count as valid evidence about border violence. What are they debating?, Methodology, Ontology, Epistemology, Axiology, A researcher writes: "This project is committed to climate justice for Pacific communities." Which paradigm dimension is this referring to?, Methodology, Axiology, Epistemology, Ontology, A team interviews 40 Venezuelan migrants in Colombia with no prior hypothesis and builds a theory of "waiting at the border" from interview transcripts. Which reasoning is this?, Exploratory, Deductive, Abductive, Inductive, "If wage gaps drive migration, regions with bigger wage gaps should send more migrants." The team then tests this with census data. Which reasoning are they using?, Deductive, Explanatory, Inductive, Abductive, Lisa Cook sees Black patenting collapse around 1900 and proposes racial violence as the best explanation. What reasoning is she using?, Descriptive, Deductive, Inductive, Abductive, What would a pragmatist argue?, Only quantitative data is objective, Research must always involve communities, The research question and its problem solving potential should guide the choice of methods, Reality is fully socially constructed, Which feature defines Mertens' transformative paradigm?, Value-free observation, Social justice values, Allochthonous reasoning, Problem-solving values, An economist, a political scientist and an anthropologist get together to edit a book, each write a separate chapter on climate migration from Bangladesh. This is an example of…, Transdisciplinarity, Multidisciplinarity, Interdisciplinarity, Post-disciplinarity, What makes a project transdisciplinary rather than interdisciplinary?, The role of the researcher (ETIC/EMIC), It uses mixed methods, It uses more than three disciplines, Non-academic actors, such as communities or policymakers, co-produce the knowledge, Why did Lisa Cook's patent paper take about ten years to publish?, It did not use positivism as an epistemology, The topic was not related to economics, The reviewers in economics lacked the necessary historical knowledge, The analysis was not registered in OSF, One study has 100 in-depth interviews, another has a survey of 10,000 people. Which is better?, It depends on the research question, The interviews, because they're deeper, The survey, because it's bigger and you can generalised, Neither, focus groups would be preferrable, A post-positivist researcher believes that…, Only lived experience is real, All interpretations are equally valid, Reality exists but can only be known imperfectly and probabilistically, Reality does not exist outside language, "Meaning is co-constructed between the researcher and participants." Which paradigm does this describe?, Realism, Interpretivism / constructivism, Post-positivism, Positivism, A team runs a survey of remittance senders, finds a surprising result, then interviews 20 respondents to explain it. Which mixed-methods design is this?, Descriptive, Convergent parallel, Exploratory sequential, Explanatory sequential, In the transformative paradigm, the researcher's role is best described as…, A neutral data collector, A detached observer, A policy evaluator for government, An advocate working alongside marginalised communities, Lauren Wagner argues with "geographers who depend too much on interviews to understand human mobility". What kind of critique is this?, Epistemological, about what counts as evidence, Ontological, Axiology, The role of the researcher, Creswell groups research into four philosophical worldviews. Which list is his?, Deductive, inductive, abductive, retroductive, Qualitative, quantitative, mixed, participatory, Postpositivist, constructivist, transformative, pragmatic, Positivist, Marxist, feminist, postmodern, A team surveys 500 migrant workers in Qatar and interviews 30 of them in the same period. Then they compare where the two sets of results agree and disagree. What type of study is this?, Exploratory sequential design, Convergent design, Case study design, Explanatory sequential design, What makes a mixed-methods study transformative in Mertens' sense?, Axiology, Epistemology, Ontology, Methodology, A researcher working on forgiveness and reparations investigates how the Dutch can apologise for Dutch colonialism in the Caribbean by involving descendants from the Dutch colonies as co-researchers in their study. What paradigm does this researcher have?, Pragmatic, Post-positivist, Constructivism, Transformative, Is it accurate and ethical to study the Rwandan Genocide only from non-Rwandan sources? Do they tell the full story?, Yes, No, Are some cultures less subject to cultural relativism because they are more open-minded and/or respectful towards others?, Yes, No, In "Development as Freedom", is Sen’s argument based on a value-free axiology?, No, Yes, Can we measure development as freedom using quantitative research?, FALSE, TRUE, A researcher conducts qualitative interviews at UM to explore the impact of studying in an international environment and uses the findings to build a survey for universities in NL. Which mixed-methods design is this?, Embedded, Convergent parallel, Exploratory sequential, Explanatory sequential, Survey data cannot be used with other worldviews because it is tied to a post-positivist worldview., FALSE, TRUE, In the article "American Students Cannot Be Global Citizens", how would you define the author’s epistemology?, Pragmatic, Post-positivist, Constructivist / Interpretivist, Positivist, A project calls itself "participatory and empowering". It holds focus groups with programme directors and staff, then runs a large survey of service users. What is the most important reason it may still fail to count as transformative?, Surveys cannot be used in transformative research, It combines qualitative and quantitative methods, and transformative work should use a single method, Focus groups are always constructivist, Transformative participation requires attention to culture and power, especially involving those who have been excluded, A researcher studies cultural differences by focusing on how people interpret their own culture. What epistemology best fits?, Positivism, Pragmatism, Post-positivism, Interpretivism, A researcher studies decoloniality by first looking at quantitative data on the effects and then conducting interviews with colonised people. What approach does the researcher take?, Transformative, Sequential exploratory, Sequential explanatory, Convergent parallel, Which claim about the relationship between research paradigms and methods is most defensible?, Quantitative methods require positivism, Qualitative methods require constructivism, Mixed methods are paradigm-free, Methods have common paradigm associations, but the same method can be used under different epistemological assumptions, A researcher first interviews international students to identify unexpected dimensions of belonging, then uses those findings to construct a survey administered across Dutch universities. Which mixed-methods design is this?, Exploratory sequential, Embedded experimental, Convergent parallel, Explanatory sequential, A researcher finds in a cross-national survey that migrants report lower trust in government. She then conducts interviews specifically to understand why that statistical relationship appears. Which mixed-methods design is this?, Transformative by definition, Exploratory sequential, Explanatory sequential, Convergent parallel, A scholar argues that the meaning of “global citizenship” is produced through education, national narratives, and students’ interpretations rather than existing as a single objectively measurable property. Which epistemological position is closest?, Positivist, Constructivist, Realist, Objectivist, Indigenous communities co-design with a group of geographers territorial maps in Mexico and decide with a team of legal scholars how the results will support legal claims before the state. What type of study is this?, Transdisciplinary, Interdisciplinary, Multidisciplinary, Post-displinary, Two historians study an anti-colonial uprising. Historian A examines conflicting archival accounts to reconstruct the most plausible sequence of events. Historian B starts with a theory that economic inequality causes uprisings and tests it against historical evidence. How can we describe the research approach of each?, A: Descriptive + abductive; B: Explanatory + deductive, A: Explanatory + inductive; B: Descriptive + deductive, A: Descriptive + deductive; B: Exploratory + abductive, A: Exploratory + deductive; B: Explanatory + inductive, A researcher translates neighbourhood preferences into a mathematical model, simulates segregation, and uses the results to understand real cities. This is an example of..., Abductive reasoning, Inductive reasoning, Deductive reasoning, Allochthonous reasoning, A quantitative researcher finds that countries where people eat more chocolate also have more Nobel Prize winners. She concludes that eating chocolate makes people more intelligent. This is..., A spurious correlation, Explanatory research, Inductive reasoning, Interdisciplinary research, What is the main characteristic of a laboratory experiment?, It takes place in participants' everyday environment., It relies on observational data., It takes place in a controlled setting., It relies on randomisation done by nature or external events, What is the main purpose of the Open Science Framework?, To replace Western based academic journals, To help researchers organise, share and make research more transparent, To recruit participants for experiments, To help researchers seek funding for their research, What is preregistration in the Open Science Framework?, Publishing results after completing a study., Asking participants for consent before taking a survey., Registering research questions, hypotheses or analysis plans before examining the results., Asking for approval from the ethics board, Why might conducting an RCT be ethically problematic?, Researchers must always deceive participants., Some participants may be denied access to a potentially beneficial intervention., RCTs cannot obtain informed consent., Findings may not generalise to other populations or contexts.

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