print(), Displays output on the screen., input(), Reads data entered by the user., int(), Converts a value to an integer., float(), Converts a value to a decimal number., data type, The kind of value a variable holds, e.g. int, float, str, bool., .upper(), Converts all letters in a string to uppercase., .lower(), Converts all letters in a string to lowercase., len(), Returns the number of characters in a string., if, Tests a condition and runs a block of code if it is True., elif, Used after if to test another condition if the first is False., else, Runs a block of code if all previous conditions are False., comparison operator, Used to compare values (e.g. ==, !=, >, <)., while loop, Repeats code while a condition is True (condition-controlled)., for loop, Repeats code a fixed number of times (count-controlled)., procedure, A subroutine that performs a task but does not return a value., function, A subroutine that performs a task and returns a value., parameter, A variable used inside a subroutine to receive input., argument, The actual value passed to a parameter when calling a subroutine., indentation, Spaces at the start of a line that show which code belongs to a block., syntax error, A mistake in the program’s structure that prevents it from running.

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