What are the main functions of an operating system? - Communicate with the hardware via device drivers; provide a platform for applications to run on; provide a graphical user interface, allows users to conveniently interact with the computer; allows multi-tasking by tasking the CPU time; provides the facility for file and disk management; manages system security and user accounts., What is the role of a device driver? - This acts as a translator between the operating system and the hardware., Why might device manufacturers release updates to their device drivers? - To fix bugs and add extra usability features., What are the advantages of using a GUI? - It is much easier to use than the command line driven version and requires little specialist knowledge., What are the advantages for command line interfaces with the operating system? - For the professional it provides more efficient and powerful scripts which allows greater usability for the programmer., Explain how an Operating System can carry out multi-tasking - Only one application can have a processing slot with the CPU at any one time, if several applications are running then the Operating System directs the CPU time. It may prioritise certain applications or divide its time evenly., Describe the main features of file and disk management - The operating system organises files into a hierarchical structure to allow access, whether it is moving, editing or deleting the files. The operating system also manages the hard-disk, it ensures data needed is sent to sectors and is retrievable by storing the addresses, it also keeps track of free space., Describe a full back-up - A copy of every file on the system is taken, they take along time to carry-out, but it is faster to restore the files in case of failure., Describe an incremental back-up - A copy of files that have changed or been created since the last back-ups are taken. They take less memory and the back-up procedure is fast, but it is slower to restore the files in case of failure., List 4 examples of utility software - defragmentation; Back-up; compression; encryption, Why does a disk over time need defragmenting? - As files are deleted and modified they require a different amount of space. This means gaps appear in the memory, these gaps maybe too small to put larger chunks of data in, so it writes it somewhere else. This means that the memory is fragmented, i.e. it has lots of gaps., Explain the process of defragmentation and why it is useful? - Data is read and rewritten to the hard drive, so that the code belonging to the same application is in the same block or sector of memory, rather than being spread out. This means the read times will be shorter as the read and write heads of the hard drive don't have to travel so far for the next block of code., What are the names of the two main types of application software? - Open source and proprietary., What is open source software? - One whereby the source code is freely available, so user may legally modify the code, and tailor it to their specific needs., What are the advantages of open source software? - It is usually free; encourages collaborative working and sharing of ideas; it can be adapted by users to suit their needs; it encourages innovation; bugs are sorted quickly by the enthusiastic programming community., What are the disadvantages of open source software? - It can be buggy; there are no warranties; there is no customer support; updates can be a bit delayed or non-existent and there maybe security holes in the code., What are the advantages of closed source or proprietary software? - It is well-tested and reliable, it will have regular updates and fixes. It is also cheaper than developing your own software from scratch. It is usually supported with help manuals and support lines if needed., What are the disadvantages of closed source or proprietary software? - The software may not do exactly what the customer wants and there is no chance of modifying it. It can be expensive and eventually it will become unsupported as the releasing company wants you to buy the latest version.,

1.7 [System Software]

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