How did Earth and other planets form? - Scientists are perplexed by how and why the planets formed into such distinct bodies, with only our rocky orb supporting life (as far as we know)., What happened during Earth's "Dark Age," or the first 500 million years after it formed? - Understanding Earth's early development would explain how the atmosphere and oceans developed. One difficulty: Few rocks from then are preserved, meaning little concrete evidence., How did life begin? - In addition to rocks and minerals here, scientists are also probing Mars, where the sedimentary record of early planetary history predates the oldest Earth rocks., How does Earth's interior work, and how does it affect the surface? - Scientists want to figure out more about the past and future of the constant convective motion of Earth's mantle and core, which triggers volcanism, mountain building and seafloor formation., Why does Earth have plate tectonics and continents? - Scientists wonder why Earth has plates, constantly on the move, and how closely tectonics are related to the abundance of water, continents, oceans and life., How are Earth processes controlled by material properties? - The big movers and shakers on Earth, including plate tectonics, arise from the atomic structure and other properties of Earth materials, so scientists want to know more about these properties., What causes climate to change – and how much can it change? - Deeper study of the history of Earth's climate could help scientists predict the magnitude and consequences of today's climate change., How has life shaped Earth – and how has Earth shaped life? - The interactions between geology and biology are key to understanding life's role in injecting oxygen into the atmosphere, mass extinctions and the course of evolution., Can earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and their consequences be predicted? - Scientists still don't know how fault ruptures start and stop, and how magma moves beneath Earth's surface., How do fluid flow and transport affect the human environment? - Scientists are unclear about how fluids move underground. More knowledge about this will help with management of natural resources and the environment., What is the universe made of? - They don’t know what 95% of the universe is made of. Atoms, which form everything we see around us, only account for a measly 5%., How did life begin? - Four billion years ago, something started stirring in the primordial soup. A few simple chemicals got together and made biology – the first molecules capable of replicating themselves appeared., Are we alone in the universe? - Perhaps not. Astronomers have been scouring the universe for places where water worlds might have given rise to life, from Europa and Mars in our solar system to planets many light years away., What makes us human? - Just looking at your DNA won’t tell you – the human genome is 99% identical to a chimpanzee’s and, for that matter, 50% to a banana’s., What is consciousness? - We’re still not really sure. We do know that it’s to do with different brain regions networked together rather than a single part of the brain., Why do we dream? - We spend around a third of our lives sleeping. Considering how much time we spend doing it, you might think we’d know everything about it. But scientists are still searching for a complete explanation of why we sleep and dream., Are there other universes? - Our universe is a very unlikely place. Alter some of its settings even slightly and life as we know it becomes impossible., Where do we put all the carbon? - For the past couple of hundred years, we’ve been filling the atmosphere with carbon dioxide – unleashing it by burning fossil fuels that once locked away carbon below the Earth’s surface., How do we get more energy from the sun? - Dwindling supplies of fossil fuels mean we’re in need of a new way to power our planet. Our nearest star offers more than one possible solution., What’s so weird about prime numbers? - The fact you can shop safely on the internet is thanks to prime numbers – those digits that can only be divided by themselves and one. Public key encryption – the heartbeat of internet commerce – uses prime numbers to fashion keys capable of locking away your sensitive information from prying eyes., Can computers keep getting faster? - Our tablets and smartphones are mini-computers that contain more computing power than astronauts took to the moon in 1969., Will we ever cure cancer? - The short answer is no. Not a single disease, but a loose group of many hundreds of diseases, cancer has been around since the dinosaurs and, being caused by haywire genes, the risk is hardwired into all of us., What’s at the bottom of the ocean? - Ninety-five per cent of the ocean is unexplored., What’s at the bottom of a black hole? - It’s a question we don’t yet have the tools to answer. Einstein’s general relativity says that when a black hole is created by a dying, collapsing massive star, it continues caving in until it forms an infinitely small, infinitely dense point called a singularity. But on such scales quantum physics probably has something to say too., Is time travel possible? - Time travellers already walk among us. Thanks to Einstein’s theory of special relativity, astronauts orbiting on the International Space Station experience time ticking more slowly.,

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