conservationists (B2) • noun • /ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃənɪsts/ - "Conservationists aim to protect wildlife." = people who protect nature = tabiatni muhofaza qiluvchilar, populations (B2) • noun • /ˌpɒpjʊˈleɪʃənz/ - "Populations of butterflies are decreasing." = groups of living organisms = populyatsiyalar, knock-on effects (B2) • noun • /ˈnɒk ɒn ɪˌfekts/ - "This could have knock-on effects for other species." = indirect consequences = zanjirli ta’sirlar, vast (B2) • adjective • /vɑːst/ - "They eat vast quantities of plants." = very large = juda katta, reverse (B2) • verb • /rɪˈvɜːs/ - "They aim to reverse the trend." = change to opposite direction = teskari o‘zgartirmoq, refer to (B2) • verb • /rɪˈfɜː tuː/ - "Scientists refer to this as phenology." = mention or describe = deb atamoq, timing (B2) • noun • /ˈtaɪmɪŋ/ - "The timing of events is changing." = when something happens = vaqtni belgilash, unwillingly (B2) • adverb • /ʌnˈwɪlɪŋlɪ/ - "They are changing unwillingly." = without desire = majburan, advance one’s phenology (C1) • collocation • /ədˈvɑːns fɪˈnɒlədʒi/ - "Many species advance their phenology due to warming." = to shift biological events earlier = fenologik jarayonlarni oldinga surmoq, in line with (C1) • prepositional phrase • /ɪn laɪn wɪð/ - "Their behaviour stays in line with temperature changes." = consistent with = mos ravishda, dragged along unwillingly (C1) • verb phrase • /dræɡd əˈlɒŋ ʌnˈwɪlɪŋlɪ/ - "Species are dragged along unwillingly by climate shifts." = forced to change without choice = majburan ergashtirib ketilmoq, seek to do something (C1) • verb pattern • /siːk tuː/ - "The study seeks to answer key questions." = to attempt or aim to achieve = amalga oshirishga intilmoq, phenology (C2) • noun • /fɪˈnɒlədʒi/ - "Phenology is used to analyse long-term biological responses to climate change." = a scientific discipline studying the timing of biological events in relation to climate = fenologiya (iqlimga bog‘liq biologik jarayonlar va ularning vaqti), arm oneself with (C2) • idiomatic verb phrase • /ɑːm wʌnˈself wɪð/ - "Researchers must arm themselves with advanced data before drawing conclusions." = to deliberately equip oneself with essential intellectual or practical resources = o‘zini zarur bilim yoki vositalar bilan ongli ravishda qurollantirmoq, pull together (B2) • phrasal verb • /pʊl təˈɡeðə/ - "They pulled together data from many sources." = to collect and combine = birlashtirib yig‘moq, driven by (B2) • phrase • /ˈdrɪvn baɪ/ - "Changes driven by climate change." = caused by = sabab bo‘lgan, extent (B2) • noun • /ɪkˈstent/ - "They expanded their northwards extent." = degree or range = qamrov darajasi, develop into (B2) • verb phrase • /dɪˈveləp ˈɪntuː/ - "Caterpillars develop into butterflies." = change form = aylanish, abundance (C1) • noun • /əˈbʌndəns/ - "The abundance of butterflies increased over time." = the quantity or number of something, especially in ecological contexts = ko‘pligi, miqdor, variable (C1) • noun • /ˈveərɪəbl/ - "Each variable was examined independently." = a factor that can change and affect results = o‘zgaruvchi omil, advancing their phenology (C1) • collocation • /ədˈvɑːnsɪŋ fɪˈnɒlədʒi/ - "Species are advancing their phenology due to warming." = shifting biological timing earlier in the year = fenologik jarayonlarni oldinga surmoq, northwards extent (C1) • noun phrase • /ˈnɔːθwədz ɪkˈstent/ - "The northwards extent of species has increased." = the range to which something spreads north = shimol tomonga kengayish darajasi, emerging earlier (B2) • verb phrase • /ɪˈmɜːdʒɪŋ ˈɜːlɪə/ - "Emerging earlier did not help the species." = appearing sooner in time = ertaroq paydo bo‘lish, preferred diet (B2) • noun phrase • /prɪˈfɜːd ˈdaɪət/ - "The caterpillar has a preferred diet." = food choice usually eaten = afzal ko‘rilgan oziqa, tended to (B2) • verb phrase • /ˈtendɪd tuː/ - "These species tended to suffer more." = usually behaved in a certain way = odatda shunday bo‘lgan, at harm (B2) • phrase • /æt hɑːm/ - "These species are most at harm." = in danger or being damaged = zarar ko‘rish holatida, suggest (B2) • verb • /səˈdʒest/ - "This suggests that climate change played a role." = indicate or imply = ko‘rsatmoq, sole cause (B2) • noun phrase • /səʊl kɔːz/ - "It is not the sole cause of decline." = the only reason = yagona sabab, downfall (B2) • noun • /ˈdaʊnfɔːl/ - "The downfall of the species was gradual." = failure or collapse = tanazzul, sufficiently warm (B2) • phrase • /səˈfɪʃəntlɪ wɔːm/ - "In sufficiently warm years, changes occur." = warm enough = yetarlicha issiq, extract benefits from (B2) • verb phrase • /ɪkˈstrækt ˈbenɪfɪts frɒm/ - "Species extract benefits from warmth." = gain advantages from = foyda olish, arm themselves with (B2) • verb phrase • /ɑːm ðəmˈselvz wɪð/ - "Conservationists arm themselves with knowledge." = equip with something useful = o‘zini zarur bilim bilan qurollantirmoq, solely (B2) • adverb • /ˈsəʊllɪ/ - "The caterpillar feeds solely on one plant." = only = faqat, restricted to (C1) • adjective phrase • /rɪˈstrɪktɪd tuː/ - "The species is restricted to one reproductive cycle." = limited to a particular condition or range = ma’lum bir holat bilan cheklangan, worryingly (C1) • adverb • /ˈwʌrɪɪŋlɪ/ - "Worryingly, the population declined rapidly." = in a way that causes concern = tashvishli tarzda, play a part in (C1) • idiomatic phrase • /pleɪ ə pɑːt ɪn/ - "Climate change played a part in the decline." = to contribute to something = rol o‘ynamoq, show the capacity to (C1) • phrase • /ʃəʊ ðə kəˈpæsɪtɪ tuː/ - "These species show the capacity to adapt." = demonstrate ability = qobiliyat namoyon qilmoq, much sought-after (C1) • adjective phrase • /mʌtʃ sɔːt ˈɑːftə/ - "It is a much sought-after species." = highly desired or valued = juda qadrlanadigan, exists solely on (C1) • verb phrase • /ɪɡˈzɪsts ˈsəʊllɪ ɒn/ - "The caterpillar exists solely on honeysuckle." = depends only on = faqat … ga bog‘liq holda yashamoq, coppiced woodland (C2) • noun phrase • /ˈkɒpɪst ˈwʊdlənd/ - "The species survives only in coppiced woodland habitats." = woodland managed by regularly cutting trees to ground level to encourage regrowth = davriy kesish orqali boshqariladigan o‘rmon hududi, limestone pavement (C2) • noun phrase • /ˈlaɪmstəʊn ˈpeɪvmənt/ - "Limestone pavement provides a rare ecological habitat." = a geological formation of exposed limestone blocks separated by fissures = ohaktosh plitalaridan iborat noyob geologik va ekologik hudud, caterpillars (B2) • noun (plural) • /ˈkætəpɪləz/ - "Caterpillars feed on plant leaves before becoming butterflies." = the larval stage of butterflies and moths = kapalak lichinkalari (qurtlar), subtle changes (C1) • noun phrase • /ˈsʌtl ˈtʃeɪndʒɪz/ - "Scientists detected subtle changes in seasonal behaviour." = small changes that are difficult to notice = nozik, sezilishi qiyin o‘zgarishlar, early emergence (C1) • noun phrase • /ˈɜːlɪ ɪˈmɜːdʒəns/ - "Early emergence allows species to reproduce more often." = the act of appearing earlier than usual = odatdagidan erta paydo bo‘lish, flying (B2) • present participle / adjective • /ˈflaɪɪŋ/ - "The flying butterflies are active in spring." = moving through the air = uchayotgan, Butterflies prefer outdoor conditions to be ‘just right’, which means neither too hot nor too cold. - Бабочки предпочитают, чтобы условия на открытом воздухе были «в самый раз», то есть не слишком жаркими и не слишком холодными. • Kapalaklar tashqi muhit sharoitlarining «aynan mos» bo‘lishini afzal ko‘radilar, ya’ni na juda issiq, na juda sovuq bo‘lishini.,

Butterflies in Britain

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