may/ might/ could HAVE + ED/V3, for speculating about past possibilities., "The train _____ have been delayed by the storm." (It's possible that was the reason.), "I can't find my keys. I ____ have left them at the café." (That's one possible explanation.), "She ____ have already finished the report. Why don't you check her office?", must have / can't / couldn't have + ED/V3, Logical deductions about the past, certainty vs. impossibility, You ____ have seen Louis. (It's impossible.), You ____ have seen someone else. (It's the only logical conclusion.), may / might + NOT HAVE + ED/V3 (but not could not have), for negative speculation., "He ____ not have received our email yet." (It's possible he didn't get it.), "They _____ not have understood the instructions correctly." (That's why they made a mistake.), should / shouldn't + HAVE + ED/V3, to criticise, to express regret about past actions., You ____ have phoned her. (But you didn't.), You ____n't have used all the credit. (But you did.)

Solutions inter 5D modals in the past a table

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