How many planets are in our Solar System?, There are 8 planets in our Solar System., What are the 8 planets in order starting from the Sun?, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune., Which planet is closest to the Sun?, Mercury is closest to the Sun., Which planet is the third planet from the Sun?, Earth is the third planet from the Sun., Which planet is the hottest in our Solar System?, Venus is the hottest planet in our Solar System., What are the four inner (rocky) planets?, The four inner rocky planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars., What are the four outer planets?, The four outer planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune., Which two planets are called “neighbors” of Earth?, Earth’s neighbors are Venus and Mars., Which planet has a lot of liquid water on its surface and is good for life?, Earth has a lot of liquid water and is good for life., Which planet is famous for its big rings?, Saturn is famous for its big rings., Which planet is the largest in our Solar System?, Jupiter is the largest planet in our Solar System., Which planet is a “frozen desert” with ice and very low temperatures?, Mars is a “frozen desert” with ice and very low temperatures., How long does one full Moon cycle take, from New Moon back to New Moon?, One full Moon cycle takes about 29.5 days (about 30 days)., What does it mean that the Moon phases have “periodicity”?, Periodicity means the Moon phases repeat in the same order again and again in about 29.5 days., What are the 8 phases of the Moon in order, starting from New Moon?, New Moon → Waxing Crescent → First Quarter → Waxing Gibbous → Full Moon → Waning Gibbous → Third Quarter → Waning Crescent., If today is a New Moon, which phase will the Moon be in about 20 days later? How do you know?, It will be Waning Gibbous. One cycle is about 30 days with 8 phases (about 4 days per phase). Around day 15–16 is Full Moon, so by day 19–20 it is Waning Gibbous., How does the Sun’s radiation help life on Earth?, The Sun’s radiation gives Earth light and heat, which plants need to make food and which keep Earth warm enough for life., How can the Sun’s radiation also be dangerous?, Too much Sun can cause sunburn and skin damage and can overheat people and other living things., How are the atmospheres of Venus, Earth, and Mars different?, Venus has a thick atmosphere mostly of carbon dioxide; Earth’s atmosphere is mostly nitrogen and oxygen; Mars has a thin atmosphere mostly of carbon dioxide., How do the temperatures of Venus, Earth, and Mars compare?, Venus is extremely hot like a “melting oven”; Earth has moderate, habitable temperatures; Mars is very cold like a “freezer.”, What is different about water on Venus, Earth, and Mars?, Venus has no liquid water on the surface; Earth has liquid water (oceans, lakes, rivers); Mars has mostly frozen water/ice., Why is Earth in the “Goldilocks Zone” for life?, Earth is at the right distance from the Sun so the temperature is not too hot and not too cold, allowing liquid water and life., If you could change two things on Venus to make it more habitable, what would you change and why?, I would thin the atmosphere and reduce the CO₂, and I would cool the temperature. With less CO₂, the greenhouse effect would be weaker, the temperature would drop, and then we could try to add liquid water for life., Why is it easier to “warm a freezer” like Mars than to “survive a melting oven” like Venus?, It is easier to add heat to a cold planet than to remove huge heat and pressure from a very hot planet like Venus., Why does a pencil look “bent” in a glass of water?, The pencil looks bent because of refraction: light bends when it moves from air into water, so the pencil looks shifted., What is refraction?, Refraction is when light bends as it passes from one material to another with a different density, like from air into water or glass., Why do scientists and people use tools like telescopes and microscopes?, They use them to see things that are too far away or too small for our eyes and to collect information and evidence., Why do we use different scales for planet size and distance in a Solar System model?, Because space is huge; if we used the same scale for size and distance, the model would be too big for a classroom or the planets would be too tiny to see. Different scales keep planets visible and distances small enough to fit., In the fruit model of the Solar System, which fruits match some of the planets’ sizes?, Mercury: peppercorn, Venus: cherry tomato, Earth: cherry tomato, Mars: blueberry, Jupiter: watermelon, Saturn: large grapefruit, Uranus: apple, What is Jupiter’s main role in helping to keep Earth safe?, Jupiter acts like a “space vacuum.” Its strong gravity pulls in or deflects many dangerous asteroids and comets, so fewer of them hit Earth., What is basalt, and how does it form?, Basalt is a dark volcanic rock that forms when lava cools and becomes solid., What is sedimentary rock, and how does it form?, Sedimentary rock forms in water when layers of small pieces (sediments) settle at the bottom and are pressed together over a long time., Why does finding sedimentary rock in Jezero Crater suggest that Mars once had liquid water?, Because sedimentary rock only forms in liquid water over long periods, so finding it in Jezero Crater means there was liquid water on Mars in the past., What are three important conditions on Mars that would affect people living there?, Atmosphere: 95% carbon dioxide, toxic to breathe. Temperature: very cold, about –60°C. Pressure: very low, about 0.01 times Earth, almost like a vacuum., Choose one tool or habit astronauts need to live on Mars and explain why it is necessary., Example (airlock): Astronauts need an airlock seal because Mars has very low pressure. The airlock keeps safe Earth‑like pressure inside the habitat so they can breathe and survive., A telescope is used for distant observation of stars and planets., True, A magnifying glass is used for magnified observation of very small objects close to us., True, A microscope is used to see very tiny things, like cells and microorganisms, in great detail., True, A camera is used to record images, like photos and videos, so we can save and share what we see., True, A telescope is the best tool to see bacteria living in a drop of water., False – a microscope, not a telescope, is the best tool to see bacteria in a drop of water.

Mission to Mars - Mid-Year ig

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