the movement of substances from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution against a concentration gradient, requiring energy from respiration - active transport, simple aquatic organisms (protista) that make their own food by photosynthesis - algae, tiny air sacs in the lungs that increase the surface area for gaseous exchange - alveoli, single-celled prokaryotic organisms - bacteria, the membrane around the contents of a cell that controls what moves in and out of the cell - cell membrane, the rigid structure around plant and algal cells. It is made of cellulose and strengthens the cell - cell wall, the complex carbohydrate that makes up plant and algal cell walls and gives them strength - cellulose, the green pigment contained in the chloroplasts - chlorophyll, the organelles in which photosynthesis takes place - chloroplasts, the water-based gel in which the organelles of all living cells are suspended and most of the chemical reactions of life take place - cytoplasm, the spreading out of the particles of any substance in a solution, or particles in a gas, resulting in a net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration down a concentration gradient - diffusion, cells from eukaryotes that have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus - eukaryotic cells, a solution that is more concentrated than the cell contents - hypertonic, a solution that is less concentrated than the cell contents - hypotonic, a solution that is the same concentration as the cell contents - isotonic, the site of aerobic cellular respiration in a cell - mitochondria, organelle found in many living cells containing the genetic information surrounded by the nuclear membrane - nucleus, the diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution (which has a high concentration of water) to a concentrated solution (with a low concentration of water|) down a concentration gradient - osmosis, a membrane that allows only certain substances to pass through - partially permeable membrane, space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap - permanent vacuole, the living transport tissue in plants that carries dissolved food (sugars) around the plant - phloem, the state of plant cells when so much water is lost from the cell by osmosis that the vacuole and cytoplasm shrink and the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall - plasmolysis, from prokaryotic organisms have a cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane, and a cell wall that does not contain cellulose. The genetic material is a DNA loop that is free in the cytoplasm and not enclosed by a nucleus. Sometimes there are one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids - prokaryotic cells, a measure of the ability to distinguish between two separate points that are very close together - resolving power, the site of protein synthesis in a cell - ribosomes, the male sex cells or gametes that carry the genetic material from the male parent - sperm, openings in the leaves of plants, particularly on the underside and opened and closed by guard cells, allowing gases to enter and leave the leaf - stomata, the pressure inside a plant cell exerted by the cell contents pressing on the cell wall - turgor, movement of air or water into and out of the gas exchange organ, for example lungs or gills - ventilated, the non-living transport tissue in plants that transports water from the roots to the leaves and shoots - xylem,

Cell structure and transport KEYWORDS

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