allow snow to slide off the trees. - Downward sloping branches, to stop water being lost from evaporation. - Trees have evergreen needles rather than leaves, as they cannot send them down into the permafrost. - Plants have shallow roots near the soil, protects trees from low temperatures. - A thick layer of bark, to extend the growing season into the dark winter. - Ultra-violet lamps are used in greenhouses , to increase friction / grip / traction in the snow - Snow chains are fitted to vehicle wheels, so they don’t sink into the defrosting ground in spring - Buildings are built on stilts, so heated warm air isn't lost to the outside - Buildings have insulated layers with triple glazed windows, which traps pockets of warm air close the animal and doesn’t conduct it outside - Caribou have hollow outside hair on their coats, so diets consist of meat, dairy and fish. - Rearing animals is the main form of agriculture, as the larger surface area stops them sinking into the waterlogged ground. - Caribou have extra wide feet, So snow is easily lost, reducing weight & risk of collapse. - Buildings have high-pitched steep roofs, as oil and gas is trapped under the permafrost. - Geothermal energy is used for electricity, to escape the coldest winter temperatures. - Many animals migrate south , when food is scarce during the winter. - Some mammals hibernate to conserve energy,

1.2 - Cold Environment adaptations

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