The volume of blood pumped through each ventricle per minute is the cardiac output. ____ is determined by heart rate and stroke volume (____ = HR x ____).The left and right ventricles pump the ____ of blood through the aorta and pulmonary artery. During ____, blood returning to the atria flows into the ____. Atrial systole transfers the remainder of the blood through the ____ (AV) valves to the ventricles. Ventricular systole ____ the AV valves and pumps the blood out through the semi lunar (SL) valves to the ____ and pulmonary artery. In diastole, the ____ in the arteries closes the ____. The opening and closing of the AV and SL valves are responsible for the heart sounds heard with a ____. The heartbeat originates in the heart itself. The ____ cells of the ____ (SAN) or pacemaker, located in the wall of the right ____, set the rate at which the heart ____. The timing of cardiac muscle cell contraction is controlled by impulses from the ____ spreading through the atria causing ____. They then travel to the ____ (AVN), located in the centre of the heart. Impulses from the AVN travel down fibres in the central wall of the heart and then up through the walls of the ventricles, causing ____. ____ in the heart generate currents that can be detected by an ____ (ECG). The medulla regulates the rate of the sinoatrial node through the ____ action of the ____ (ANS).A sympathetic nerve releases ____ which increases the heart rate, whereas a ____ nerve releases ____ which decreases the heart rate. Blood pressure ____ in the aorta during the cardiac cycle. Blood pressure ____ during ventricular systole and ____ during diastole Measurement of blood pressure using a ____. An inflatable cuff stops blood flow, in the artery, and deflates gradually. The blood starts to flow (detected by a pulse) at ____ pressure. The blood flows freely through the artery (and a pulse is not detected) at ____ pressure. A ____ blood pressure reading for a young adult is 120/80 mmHg. ____ (high blood pressure) is a major risk factor for many ____ including coronary heart disease.

2.6 Structure and function of the heart need to know

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