Mandate of Heaven - The idea that a ruler was given the right to rule by the gods. If the ruler was fair and just, they could keep power, but if they ruled poorly, they could lose it., Dynastic Cycle - The pattern of rise, rule, and fall of ruling families (dynasties) in China. A dynasty would gain power, rule for a time, then weaken and be replaced by a new dynasty., Shi Huangdi - The first emperor of China who united the country. He used strict laws to control people and built the first version of the Great Wall., Great Wall of China - A huge wall built to protect China from northern invaders. It was started during Shi Huangdi’s rule and expanded by later rulers., Silk Road - A major trade route that connected China to other parts of Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. It was used to trade silk, spices, and other goods., Civil Service Exam - A test given to people who wanted to work for the government. It made sure that only the smartest and most qualified people got government jobs, Monopoly - When one person, group, or government has complete control over making and selling a product. In China, the government had a monopoly on silk production., Legalism - A belief that people are naturally bad and need strict laws and harsh punishments to be controlled. Shi Huangdi used Legalism to rule China.,

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