Redness (Rubor), Blood vessels widen (vasodilation), increasing blood flow to the area, Heat (Calor), More warm blood arrives → increases temperature, Swelling (Tumor), Fluid leaks out of capillaries into tissues, Pain (Dolor), Chemicals (e.g., bradykinin, prostaglandins) stimulate nerve endings, Loss of Function (Functio Laesa), The inflamed tissue cannot move normally → protective response.

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