What is a city? (definition): a minimum number of inhabitants (2,000 or 5,000), high population density, compact settlement structure, provides services for the surrounding area, seat of local government, diverse lifestyles, cultural variety, well-developed transport, energy, water, and communication networks, separation of residential, working, and recreational areas, cultural institutions like theatres, museums, cinemas, libraries, dense buildings, skyscrapers, central squares, distinctive skyline, The evolution of cities: first permanent villages appear in the Neolithic Age, first cities develop in river valleys (Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, China), the features of the first cities are city walls, temples, administration and trade, in the Antiquity cities with markets, theatres, streets and public administration emerge (Rome, Athens), in the Middle Ages cities grow along trade routes and rivers or near castles, in the Early Modern Period cities growth through trade and colonialism, the Industrial Era sees a massive migration from rural areas to cities, typical features of modern cities are continued urban growth and suburbanisation , modern cities are confronted with many challenges , in the future cities must concentrate on becoming sustainable, Modern cities: challenges: overpopulation and homelessness, traffic congestion and air pollution, crime and safety, climate change and sustainability, waste management, water and energy supply, social inequality, urban sprawl, unemployment, infrastructure problems,

Cities: definition, evolution and challenges of modern cities

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