MORTALITY, Higher mortality rates from fatal chronic conditions like cardiovascular disease and violent injuries, MORBIDITY, Reporting more frequent daily physical symptoms, such as headaches, fatigue, and stomach distress, HEALTH BEHAVIORS, Higher rates of smoking, heavy drinking, and physical risk-taking driving up death rates., GENDER ROLES, Masculine expectations pushing men to appear tough, deny pain, and avoid looking weak., BIOLOGY, Estrogen offering cardiovascular protection, while the second X chromosome acts as a genetic buffer., ARTIFACTS / BIAS, Doctors misinterpreting heart attack symptoms in female patients as stress or panic attacks.

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