Task 1:____ other factors can also reduce the need for a leader. Certain individual and organisational variables can act as substitutes for leadership or neutralise the leader's influence. According to ____, data from numerous studies demonstrates that in many situations, whatever behaviour leaders exhibit is irrelevant. ____, employees' experience, training or the need for independence can neutralise the effect of leadership. ____, ____ asserts that these characteristics can create situations where direction and support from a leader and organisational structure are no longer required. ____, the need for leadership varies according to the situation. Task 2: Most early theories of motivation were concerned with need satisfaction. Robbins, Millett, Cacioppe, and Waters-Marsh (1998) ____motivation relies on what a person needs and wants. ____ the early theories of Maslow and McGregor (cited in Robbins et al. 1998) focused on personal needs satisfaction as the basis for motivational behaviour. ____, recent studies ____ Leonard, Beauvais and Scholl (1999) ____ personality and disposition play an equally important role in motivation. Current thinking does not discount theories, ____ simply builds on them to include a self-concept.

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